855 lines
64 KiB
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855 lines
64 KiB
HTML
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<h1></h1>
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<p></p>
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<blockquote>
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<strong><span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: large"
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>Hot flashes, energy, and aging</span></span></span></strong>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Around the time that menstruation and fertility are ending, certain biological problems are more
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likely to occur. Between the ages of 50 and 55, about 60% of women experience repeated episodes
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of flushing and sweating. Asthma, migraine, epilepsy, arthritis, varicose veins, aneurysms,
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urticaria, reduced lung function, hypertension, strokes, and interstitial colitis are some of
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the other problems that often begin or get worse at the menopause, but that normally aren't
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considered to be causally related to it.</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Recently, hot flashes are being taken more seriously, because of their association with increased
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inflammation, heart disease, and risk of dementia. Around the same age, late 40s to mid-50s, men
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begin to have a sudden increase of some of the same health problems, including night sweats,
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anxiety, and insomnia. In both sexes, the high incidence of depression in this age group has
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usually been explained "psychologically," rather than biologically.</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>When the estrogen industry began concentrating on women of menopausal age (after the disastrous
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years of selling it as a fertility drug), "estrogen replacement" therapy was promoted as a cure
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for the problems associated with menopause, including hot flashes, which were explained as the
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result of a deficiency of estrogen. However, in recent years, the phrase "estrogen deficiency"
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has begun to be replaced by the phrase "estrogen withdrawal," because it has been found that
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women with hot flashes don't necessarily have less estrogen in their blood stream than women who
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don't have hot flashes.</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Associated with this change of terminology, there has been a recognition that changes in the
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temperature regulating system in the brain, rather than changes in the amount of estrogen, are
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responsible for the hot flashes, but mainstream medicine has carefully avoided the investigation
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of this subject. The effects of estrogen on the thermoregulatory system are very clear, but the
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standard medical view is that the physiology of hot flashes simply isn't understood.</span
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></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Since the medical literature boldly describes the mechanisms of the circulatory system and the
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causes of major problems such as heart attacks, high blood pressure, and strokes, it's odd that
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it doesn't have an explanation for "hot flashes."</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>But looking at this historically, I think this selective ignorance is necessary, for the protection
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of some doctrines that have become very important for conventional medicine.</span></span></span
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>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>When doctors are talking about diseases of the heart and circulatory system, it's common for them
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to say that estrogen is protective, because it causes blood vessels to relax and dilate,
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improving circulation and preventing hypertension. The fact that estrogen increases the
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formation of nitric oxide, a vasodilator, is often mentioned as one of its beneficial effects.
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But in the case of hot flashes, dilation of the blood vessels is exactly the problem, and
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estrogen is commonly prescribed to prevent the episodic dilation of blood vessels that
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constitutes the hot flash. Nitric oxide increases in women in association with the menopause
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(Watanabe, et al., 2000), and it is increased by inflammation, and hot flushes are associated
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with various mediators of inflammation, but, as far as I can tell, no one has measured the
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production of nitric oxide during a hot flash. Inhibitors of nitric oxide formation reduce
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vasodilation during hot flushes (Hubing, et al., 2010).</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Starting in the 1940s, the doctrine that menopause is the result of changes in the ovaries,
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involving a depletion of eggs and an associated loss of estrogen production, was widely taught
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to medical students. By the 1970s, the taboo against discussing menopause publicly was fading,
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and the mass media began teaching the public that hot flashes are the result of an estrogen
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deficiency, and that "estrogen replacement" is the most appropriate and effective treatment, and
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in the next 20 years almost half the women in the US began taking it around the time of
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menopause. This practice became routine at a time when "evidence based medicine" was being
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promoted as a new standard, but there was no evidence that women experiencing hot flashes were
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deficient in estrogen (in fact, there was evidence that they weren't), and there was evidence
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that hot flashes began when the first menstrual period was missed, which coincided with, and
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resulted from, a failure to produce a functional corpus luteum, preventing the production of a
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normal amount of progesterone. But the silly old doctrine of deficiency is often restated by
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professors, as if there was no doubt about it (for example, Rance, 2009; Bhattacharya and
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Keating, 2012).</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>This extremely persistent disregard for important evidence about the nature of menopause and its
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symptoms was guided by the estrogen industry, which began in the 1930s to call estrogen "the
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female hormone," disregarding the facts about the biological roles of estrogen and progesterone,
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because chemicals with estrogenic effects were numerous and cheap, while progesterone was
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expensive, and had no synthetic equivalents. At the time the pharmaceutical industry began
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promoting estrogen as the female hormone to prevent miscarriage, it was already well known that
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it could produce abortion, as well as causing inflammation and cancer, and some of the most
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famous estrogen researchers were warning of its multiple dangers in the 1930s.</span></span
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></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Menopause is a major landmark of aging, and if its meaning is radically misunderstood, a coherent
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understanding of aging is unlikely, and without an understanding of the loss of functions with
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age, we won't really understand life. More specifically, the real causes of the many serious
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problems occurring in association with the menopause will be ignored. Finding the causes of the
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seemingly trivial hot flash will affect the way we understand aging and its diseases.</span
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></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>If a common occurrence is thought to have some importance in itself, or to relate closely to
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something of importance, it will be described carefully, and its general features will become
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part of the common understanding. It's clear that our medical culture hasn't considered the hot
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flash to be important, because there are still physicians who believe that the hot flash
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represents a rise of body temperature caused by a sudden increase of heat production, which they
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sometimes explain as an upward fluctuation of thyroid gland activity. Measurement of body
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temperature before and during hot flashes has shown clearly that the internal temperature is
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lowered slightly by the hot flash, as heat is lost from the skin, as a result of vasodilation.
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Physiologists have been studying the differences in temperature regulation between men and
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women, and the effects of hormones on temperature regulation, for more than 70 years, but the
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medical profession in the United States showed almost no interest in the subject for about 50
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years.</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>August Weismann's doctrine of "mortal soma, immortal germ line," led people to postulate that
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"primordial germ" cells migrated into the ovary (consisting of "somatic" cells) during embryonic
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development, and that the baby was born with a supply of germ cells that was used up during the
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reproductive lifetime, accounting for the decline of fertility with aging. The fact that
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menstrual cycles ended around the time that fertility ended was explained by the idea that
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ovulation caused the release of estrogen, and that the absence of eggs caused a failure to
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produce estrogen, and that the absence of estrogen led to the failure of the cyclical uterine
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changes. It was all deduced from a mistaken ideology about the nature of life. </span
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></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Cancer of the endometrium (lining) of the uterus and breast cancer were known to be the first and
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second cancers, respectively, produced by uninterrupted exposure to estrogen (for example,
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Lipshutz, 1950). Investigation of the causes of endometrial cancer showed that women with
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anovulatory cycles, that failed to produce progesterone, or who had a reduced production of
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progesterone, developed overgrowth of the endometrium, and that these were the women who were
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later most likely to develop cancer of the endometrium. The peak incidence of endometrial cancer
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is in the postmenopausal years, resulting from prolonged exposure to estrogen, unopposed by
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progesterone. The medical belief* that "ovulation produces estrogen," and that the absence of
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menstruation means an absence of estrogen, has been very harmful to women's health.</span></span
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></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Several laboratories, from the 1950s through the 1980s, investigated the causes of age-related
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infertility. A.L. Soderwall, among others, demonstrated that an excess of estrogen makes it
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impossible for the uterus to maintain a pregnancy. </span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Subsequently, his lab showed that neither changes in the eggs nor changes in the uterus could
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explain age related infertility. Altered pituitary hormone cycles, resulting from changes in the
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brain, could account for the major changes in the ovaries and uterus.</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Other experimenters, including P.M. Wise, V.M. Sopelak and R.L. Butcher (1982), P. Ascheim (1983),
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and D.C. Desjardins (1995) have clarified the interactions between the ovaries and the brain.
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For example, when the ovaries of an old animal are transplanted into a young animal, they are
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able to function in response to the new environment, but when the ovaries of a young animal are
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transplanted into an old animal, they fail to cycle. However, if the ovaries are removed from an
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animal when it's young, so that it lives to the normal age of infertility without being
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regularly exposed to surges of estrogen, it will then be able to support normal cycles when
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young ovaries are transplanted into it. But if it received estrogen supplements throughout its
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life, transplanted young ovaries will fail to cycle.</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>The work of Desjardins and others has demonstrated that free radicals generated by interactions of
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estrogen and iron with unsaturated fatty acids are responsible for damage to brain cells
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(Desjardins, et al., 1992). The damaged inhibitory nerve cells allow the pituitary to remain in
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a chronically active state; in old rats, this can produce a state of constant estrus. Several
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groups (Powers, et al., 2006; Everitt, et al., 1980; Telford, et al., 1986) have shown that
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removal of the pituitary gland can greatly extend lifespan, if thyroid hormone is
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supplemented.</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>One of the animal "models" used to study hot flashes is morphine withdrawal. The model seems
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relevant to human hot flashes, because estrogen can stop the morphine withdrawal flushing, and
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estrogen's acute and chronic effects on the brain-pituitary-ovary system involve the endorphins
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and the opioidergic nerves (Merchenthaler, et al., 1998; Holinka, et al., 2008).</span></span
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></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>In young rats, sudden morphine withdrawal caused by injecting the anti-opiate naloxone, causes the
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tail skin to flush, with a temperature increase of a few degrees, and causes the core body
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temperature to fall slightly. However, old animals respond to the withdrawal in two different
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ways. One group responded to the naloxone with an exaggerated flushing and decrease of core
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temperature. The other group of old rats, which already had a lower body temperature, didn't
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flush at all (Simpkins, 1994). I think this provides an insight into the reason that menopausal
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treatment with estrogen can relieve some hot flashes--estrogen treatment might create a flush
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resistant state similar to that of the cooler old animals in Simpkins' experiment.</span></span
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></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>It has been known for a long time, from studies in animals and people, that estrogen lowers body
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temperature, and that this involves a tendency to increase blood flow to the skin in response to
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a given environmental temperature, that is, the temperature "set-point" is lowered by estrogen.
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Besides increasing heat loss, estrogen decreases heat production. These physiological effects of
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estrogen can be seen in the normal menstrual cycle, with progesterone having the opposite effect
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of estrogen on metabolic rate, skin circulation, body temperature, and heat loss. This causes
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the familiar rise in temperature when ovulation occurs. Occasionally, young women will
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experience hot flashes during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle because of insufficient
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progesterone production, or at menstruation, when the corpus luteus stops producing
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progesterone.</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Estrogen increases the free fatty acids circulating in the blood, and this shifts metabolism away
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from oxidation of glucose to oxidation of fat, and it also reduces oxidative metabolism, for
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example by lowering thyroid function (Vandorpe and Kühn, 1989). These changes are analogous to
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those of fasting, in which metabolism shifts to the oxidation of fatty acids for energy, causes
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decreased body temperature, and in some animals leads to a state of torpor or hibernation.</span
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></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Despite decreasing oxidative metabolism, estrogen stimulates the adrenal cortex, both directly and
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indirectly through the brain and pituitary, increasing the production of cortisol. Cortisol, by
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increasing protein turnover, can increase heat production, but this effect isn't necessarily
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sufficient to maintain a normal body temperature. It increases blood glucose, mainly by blocking
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its use for energy production, but the glucose is derived from the breakdown of muscle protein.
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It allows some glucose to be stored as fat. Sudden increases in the amount of glucose can lower
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adrenaline, and chronically excessive cortisol tends to suppress adrenaline. Cushing's syndrome
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(produced by excessive cortisol) commonly involves flushing and depression, both of which are
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likely to be related to the decreased action of adrenaline.</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>While the biological changes occurring at menopause and during hot flashes are very similar to some
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of the direct actions of estrogen, and although the menopause itself is the result of prolonged
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exposure to estrogen, very large doses of estrogen can, in many women (as well as in morphine
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addicted rats), stop the flushing. In some of the published animal experiments, effective doses
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of estrogen were about 2000 times normal, and in some human studies, the dose was 30 times
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normal. By blocking the production of heat, the estrogen treatments might be creating conditions
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similar to those in Simpkin's cooler old rats, which failed to flush during morphine withdrawal.
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Menopausal estrogen treatment is known to lower temperature (Brooks, et al., 1994).</span></span
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></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Since the Women's Health Initiative publicized the dangers of estrogen, there has been some
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interest in alternative treatments for hot flashes. Since a reduced production of progesterone
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has been associated with hot flushes for several decades, it isn't surprising that it is now
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being tested as an alternative to estrogen. Recently, 300 mg of oral progesterone was found to
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be effective for decreasing hot flashes, and a month after discontinuing it, the hot flushes
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were still less frequent than before using it (Prior and Hitchcock, 2012). Previously,
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transdermal progesterone was found to be effective (Leonetti, et al., 1999).</span></span></span
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>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>One of the things progesterone does is to stabilize blood sugar. In one experiment, hot flashes
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were found to be increased by lowering blood sugar, and decreased by moderately increasing blood
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sugar (Dormire and Reame, 2003).</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Hypoglycemia increases the brain hormone, corticotropin release hormone, CRH (Widmaier, et al.,
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1988), which increases ACTH and cortisol. CRH causes vasodilation (Clifton, et al., 2005), and
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is more active in the presence of estrogen. Menopausal women are more responsive to its effects,
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and those with the most severe hot flushes are the most responsive (Yakubo, et al., 1990).</span
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></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>The first reaction to a decrease of blood glucose, at least in healthy individuals, is to increase
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the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, with an increase of adrenaline, which causes the
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liver to release glucose from its glycogen stores. The effect of adrenaline on the liver is very
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quick, but adrenaline also acts on the brain, stimulating CRH, which causes the pituitary to
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secrete ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, which by various means
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causes blood sugar to increase, consequently causing the sympathetic nervous activity to
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decrease. Even when the liver's glycogen stores are adequate, the system cycles rhythmically,
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usually repeating about every 90 minutes throughout the day.</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Sympathetic nervous activity typically causes vasoconstriction in the skin and extremities,
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reducing heat loss, but the small cycles in the system normally aren't noticed, except as small
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changes in alertness or appetite. With advancing age, most tissues become less sensitive to
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adrenaline and the sympathetic nervous stimulation, and the body relies increasingly on the
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production of cortisol to maintain blood glucose. Many of the changes occurring around the
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menopause, such as the rise of free fatty acids and decrease of glucose availability, increase
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the sensitivity of the CRH nerves, causing the fluctuations of the adrenergic system to cause
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larger increases of ACTH and cortisol. Estrogen is another factor that increases the sensitivity
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of the CRH nerves, and unsaturated fatty acids (Widmaier, et al. 1995) and serotonin
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(Buckingham, et al., 1982) are other factors stimulating it. Serotonin, like noradrenalin, rises
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with hypoglycemia (Vahabzadeh, et al., 1995), and estrogen contributes to hypoglycemia, by
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impairing the counterregulatory system (Cheng and Mobbs, 2009).</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote></blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>With the reduced vasoconstrictive effects of the sympathetic nerves, and the increased activity of
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CRH, cyclic vasodilation under the influence of cortisol will become more noticeable. With the
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onset of menopause, and in proportion to the number and intensity of symptoms (on the Greene
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Climacteric Scale), the daily secretion of cortisol was increased (Cagnacci, et al.,
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2011).</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote></blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
|
|
style="font-size: medium"
|
|
>Once the ideologically based doctrine of menopause as estrogen deficiency is discarded, it's
|
|
possible to see its features as clues to the ways in which "stress" contributes to the
|
|
age-related degeneration of the various systems of the body--not just the reproductive system,
|
|
but also the immune system, the nutritive, growth, and repair processes, and the motivational,
|
|
emotional, and cognitive processes of the nervous systems. The changes around menopause aren't
|
|
the same for all women, but the ways in which they vary can be understood in terms of the basic
|
|
biological principles of energy and adaptation that are universal.</span></span></span>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote></blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<span style="color: #222222"> <span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
|
|
style="font-size: medium"
|
|
><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal"
|
|
>Each type of cell and organ is subject to injury, and in some cases these injuries are
|
|
cumulative. In the healthy liver, which stores glycogen, toxins can be inactivated, for
|
|
example by combining with glucuronic acid, derived from the stored glucose. With injury,
|
|
such as alcoholism combined with a diet containing polyunsaturated fats, the liver's
|
|
detoxifying ability is reduced. Even at an early stage, before there is a significant
|
|
amount of fibrosis, the reduced activity of the liver causes estrogen to accumulate in
|
|
the body. Estrogen's valuable actions are, in health, exerted briefly, and then the
|
|
synthesis of estrogen is stopped, and its excretion reduces its activity, but when the
|
|
liver's function is impaired, estrogen's activity continues, causing further
|
|
deterioration of liver function, as well as injury of nerves such as Desjardins
|
|
described, and the systemic energy shifts and stress activations mentioned above.</span
|
|
></span></span></span></span>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote></blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
|
|
style="font-size: medium"
|
|
>Besides lowering the liver's detoxifying ability, stress, hypoglycemia, malnutrition,
|
|
hypothyroidism, and aging can cause estrogen to be synthesized inappropriately and continuously.
|
|
With aging, estrogen begins to be produced throughout the body--in fat, muscles, skin, bones,
|
|
brain, liver, breast, uterus, etc. Polyunsaturated fats are a major factor in the induction and
|
|
activation of the aromatase enzyme, which synthesizes estrogen.</span></span></span>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote></blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
|
|
style="font-size: medium"
|
|
>Increased synthesis of estrogen, with aromatase, and decreased excretion of it, by the liver and
|
|
kidneys, are only two of the processes that affect the influence of estrogen during aging.
|
|
Cellular stress (chemical, mechanical, hypoxemic, hypoglycemic [Clere, et al., 2012; Aguirre, et
|
|
al., 2007, Zaman, et al., 2006, Saxon, et al., 2007; Tamir, et al., 2002; Briski, et al., 2010])
|
|
increases estrogen receptors (which activate CRH and the stress response). The presence of
|
|
estrogen receptors means that estrogen will be bound inside cells, where it acts to modify those
|
|
cells. Before estrogen can reach the liver to be inactivated, it must be released from cells.
|
|
Ordinarily, the cyclic production of progesterone has that function, by destroying the
|
|
estrogen-binding proteins. Progesterone also inhibits the aromatase which synthesizes estrogen,
|
|
and shifts the activities of other enzymes, including sulfatases and dehydrogenates, in a
|
|
comprehensive process of eliminating the presence and activity of estrogen. At menopause, when
|
|
the ovary fails to produce the cyclic progesterone, all of these processes of estrogen
|
|
inactivation fail. In the absence of progesterone, cortisol becomes more active, increasing
|
|
aromatase activity, which now becomes chronic and progressive. The decrease of progesterone
|
|
causes many other changes, including the increased conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids to
|
|
prostaglandins, and the formation of nitric oxide, all of which contribute to the tendency to
|
|
flush.</span></span></span>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<span style="color: #222222"> <span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
|
|
style="font-size: medium"
|
|
><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal"><hr /></span></span></span
|
|
></span></span>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
|
|
style="font-size: medium"
|
|
>*The limits of the belief system or consciousness of US medicine are nicely defined by the topics
|
|
included in the Index Medicus, which was published from 1879 to 2004, by the Surgeon General's
|
|
Office of the U.S. Army, the American Medical Association, and the National Library of Medicine,
|
|
at different times. If you look up any important topic in physiology or biochemistry in an index
|
|
of scientific publications such as Biological Abstracts or Chemical Abstracts, and then look for
|
|
the same subject in the Index Medicus, you will find some startling differences--long delays and
|
|
antagonistic attitudes. At first the discrepancies seem ludicrous and hard to account for, but I
|
|
think they can be explained by recognizing that the editors of medical journals consider science
|
|
to be their enemy.</span></span></span>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote></blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<span style="color: #222222"> <span
|
|
style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"
|
|
><span style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-style: normal"><span style="font-weight: normal"><h3>
|
|
REFERENCES
|
|
</h3></span></span></span></span></span>
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>J Endocrinol. 1982 Apr;93(1):123-32. Effects of adrenocortical and gonadal steroids on the
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>L. B. Butareva, et al., "Pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of 'hot flushes' in patients
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>Eur J Endocrinol. 1995 Dec;133(6):691-5. Melatonin enhances cortisol levels in aged but not young
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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>R. F. Casper, et al., "Objective measurement of hot flushes associated with the premenstrual
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syndrome," Fertil. Steril. 47(2), 341-344, 1987. ("These physiologic changes are identical
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|
to those seen during menopausal flushes and suggest that PMS may be associated with
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|
neuroendocrine events typical of estrogen withdrawal.")</span></span></span>
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|
</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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>Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi. 2002 Dec;37(12):726-8. Changes of plasma serotonin precursor metabolite
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X.</span></span></span>
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>Brain Res. 2009 Jul 14;1280:77-83. Epub 2009 May 13. Estradiol impairs hypothalamic molecular
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>Angiogenesis. 2012 Jul 25. Estrogen receptor alpha as a key target of organochlorines to promote
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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>J Endocrinol. 2005 Jul;186(1):69-76. Microvascular effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone in
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human skin vary in relation to estrogen concentration during the menstrual cycle. Clifton VL,
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Crompton R, Read MA, Gibson PG, Smith R, Wright IM.</span></span></span>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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RH, Biggio G.</span></span></span>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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>Endocrinology. 1992 Nov;131(5):2482-4. Vitamin E protects hypothalamic beta-endorphin neurons from
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>Med Chem. 2007 Nov;3(6):546-50. A salicylic acid-based analogue discovered from virtual screening
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RP, Matsunaga T, Endo S, Hara A, El-Kabbani O.</span></span></span>
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>Nurs Res. 2003 Sep-Oct;52(5):338-43. Menopausal hot flash frequency changes in response
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to experimental manipulation of blood glucose. Dormire SL, Reame NK.</span></span></span>
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>J Endocrinol. 1995 Sep;146(3):403-10. Ovulation rate and the concentrations of gonadotrophins and
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>J Endocrinol. 1999 Dec;163(3):531-41. The effect of a direct arterial infusion of insulin and
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autotransplanted ovary. Downing JA, Joss J, Scaramuzzi RJ.</span></span></span>
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>Anim Reprod Sci. 2011 Sep;127(3-4):154-63. The infusion of glucose in ewes during the luteal phase
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increases the number of follicles but reduces oestradiol production and some correlates of
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Guillaume D, Scaramuzzi RJ.</span></span></span>
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J.</span></span></span>
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>J Neurochem. 2009 Sep;110(6):1796-805. Hypothalamic neuronal histamine signaling in the estrogen
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Sakata T, Yoshimatsu H.</span></span></span>
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>Climacteric. 2008;11 Suppl 1:15-21. Preventive effect of oral estetrol in a menopausal hot
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Coso J, Low DA, Crandall CG.</span></span></span>
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<span style="color: #222222"> <span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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Simpson J, Wilson JW, Evans RW, Vogel VG, Weissfeld JL.</span></span></span></span
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></span>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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>Horm Metab Res. 1991 Oct;23(10):499-503. Studies on facial temperature rise and involvement of
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serotonin in the respiratory stimulation by CRH. Krause U, Nink M, Brauer A, Huber I, Velten A,
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Lehnert H, Beyer J. (Both serotonin and CRH cause facial flushing.)</span></span></span>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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>Obstet Gynecol 1999 Aug;94(2):225-8. Transdermal progesterone cream for vasomotor symptoms
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and postmenopausal bone loss. Leonetti HB, Longo S, Anasti JN.</span></span></span>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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>Chem Res Toxicol. 2002 Apr;15(4):512-0. Oxidative DNA damage induced by equine estrogen
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metabolites: role of estrogen receptor alpha. Liu X, Yao J, Pisha E, Yang Y, Hua Y, van Breemen
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RB, Bolton JL.</span></span></span>
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<blockquote>
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<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
|
|
>Maturitas. 1998 Nov 16;30(3):307-16. The effect of estrogens and antiestrogens in a rat model for
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|
hot flush. Merchenthaler I, Funkhouser JM, Carver JM, Lundeen SG, Ghosh K, Winneker RC.</span
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|
></span></span>
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|
</blockquote>
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|
<blockquote>
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|
<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
|
|
>Menopause. 2005 Mar;12(2):210-5. Adipose aromatase gene expression is greater in older women and is
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|
unaffected by postmenopausal estrogen therapy. Misso ML, Jang C, Adams J, Tran J, Murata Y, Bell
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|
R, Boon WC, Simpson ER, Davis SR.</span></span></span>
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|
</blockquote>
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|
<blockquote>
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|
<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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|
>Menopause. 2010 Jul;17(4):860-73. Estrogen treatment impairs cognitive performance after
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psychosocial stress and monoamine depletion in postmenopausal women. Newhouse PA, Dumas J,
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Wilkins H, Coderre E, Sites CK, Naylor M, Benkelfat C, Young SN. ["E2-treated compared with
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|
placebo-treated participants exhibited significant worsening of cognitive performance on tasks
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|
measuring attentional performance and psychomotor speed."]</span></span></span>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<span style="color: #222222"><span style="font-family: georgia, times, serif"><span
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style="font-size: medium"
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|
>Mol Cell Biochem. 2003 Feb;244(1-2):125-8. Effect of caffeine on metabolism of L-arginine in the
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|
brain. Nikolic J, Bjelakovic G, Stojanovic I.</span></span></span>
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</blockquote>
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|
<blockquote>
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<p> </p>
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