321 lines
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321 lines
30 KiB
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<h1></h1>
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<p>
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<strong>
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Genes, Carbon Dioxide and Adaptation</strong>
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>"Over the oxygen supply of the body carbon dioxide spreads its protecting wings." - Friedrich Miescher,
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Swiss physiologist, 1885</em>
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</p>
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<p>
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To reach useful simplicities, we usually have to sift through the accumulated rationalizations previous
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generations have produced to justify doing things their way. If we could start with an accurate
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understanding of what life is, and what we are doing here, science could be built up deductively as well as
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by the accumulation of evidence. But the fact that we have grown up amid false and unworkable models of what
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life is, means that we have to lean heavily on evidence, building up new models inductively, imaginatively,
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and scientifically. Textbooks and professional journals can be useful if they are seen as monuments to past
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beliefs, and not as authorities to be accepted. Examining the dogmatic models of life and the world in which
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life exists, we can better understand the nature of the existing barriers to constructive work.
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</p>
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<p>
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The Central Dogma of the molecular geneticists, in their own words, was that information flows only from DNA
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to RNA, and from RNA to protein, never in the other direction. The Central Dogma was formulated to suppress
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forever the Lamarckian idea of the inheritance of acquired characters, that Weismann's amputation of the
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tails of a multitude of mice had attempted to deal with earlier in the history of genetics.
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</p>
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<p>
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The Central Dogma continues to be influential, even after a series of revisions. Until the 1990s, the only
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"practical" fruit of genetics had been genocide, but now it has become possible to insert genes into
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bacteria, and to use the bacteria to produce industrial quantities of specific proteins. In principle, that
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could be useful, although bovine growth hormone poses a threat to the health of both people and cows, human
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growth hormone poses a threat to athletes and old people, and human insulin could increase the number of
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treated diabetics. A deranged culture will put anything cheap to bad use. The ability to make organisms
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produce foreign proteins confirms that information can flow from DNA to protein, but as that technology was
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being developed, the discovery of retroviruses showed that the Central Dogma of molecular genetics was
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wrong, RNA is a very significant template for the production of DNA. And the scrapie prion shows that
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proteins can be infectious, passing along information without nucleic acids as the agent of transmission.
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The directed mutations demonstrated by John Cairns and others have thoroughly destroyed the Central Dogma of
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molecular genetics, even as it applied to the simplest organisms, but molecular genetics survives as an
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industrial and forensic technology.
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</p>
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<p>
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Although evidence suggests that about 2% of human diseases involve the inheritance of an abnormal protein,
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the exact way the disease develops is never as clear as the geneticists would imply. And the major diseases,
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cancer, diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer's, epilepsy, depression, etc., that are so often blamed on
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"genes," are so poorly understood that it is arbitrary and crazy to talk about the way genes "cause" them.
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People who had never had a problem with diabetes in their culture, very soon suffered from the same rate of
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diabetes as their neighbors when they immigrated into Israel and began eating the European style diet. The
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interesting thing about the genetic explanation for disease is how its proponents can believe what they are
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saying. If you read Konrad Lorenz's writings on racial hygiene, you can imagine that he might have really
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come to believe what he was saying, even if it was an invention that earned him personal prestige and
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revenge against people who were reluctant to accept his ideas of cultural excellence and inferiority. When I
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listened to Gunther Stent praising the doctrine he had taken straight from Konrad Lorenz's original genocide
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papers, I wondered how a German who had escaped the holocaust with his Jewish family when he was nine years
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old could talk about those doctrines without anger, and without pointing out the purpose for which they had
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been created. In the audience, a professor who had been a refugee from Hungary defended the doctrine, saying
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that a man and his work have nothing to do with each other, though the whole content of the doctrine was
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that a man and his work are identical, because his behavior is determined by his genes. These were mature,
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internationally known intellectuals, who made the most amazingly self-contradictory statements without
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embarrassment, because they were committed, for some deep, mysterious reason, to the doctrine of genetic
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determinism. If these refugees could espouse the rationale for "racial hygiene" as their own, I suppose it
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isn't so hard to understand that people can devote their life to studying the genetics of diabetes, even
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though diabetes has appeared suddenly in one generation of immigrants when their diet was suddenly changed,
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a massive fact that bluntly contradicts the genetic doctrine. There is something very deep in our culture
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that loves genetics.
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</p>
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<p>
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One of the cultural trends that makes genetic determinism attractive is the theory of radical individualism,
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something that has grown up with protestant christianity, according to some historians. Roger Williams' work
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in nutrition seemed to be powered by this idea of individual genetic uniqueness, and in his case, the idea
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led him to some useful insights--he suggested that the environment could be adjusted to suit the highly
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specific needs of the individual. This idea led to the widespread belief that nutritional supplements might
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be needed by a large part of the population. Extreme nurturing of the deviant individual is the opposite
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extreme from the Lorenzian-Hitlerian solution, of eliminating everyone who wasn't a perfect Aryan specimen.
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</p>
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<p>
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But Williams' genetic doctrine assumed that our nutritional needs were primarily inborn, determined by our
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unique genes. However, there is a famous experiment in which rats were made deficient in riboflavin, and
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when their corneal tissue showed evidence of the vitamin deficiency, they were given a standard diet.
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However, the standard diet no longer met the needs of their eye tissue, and during the remainder of the
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observation period, only a dose of riboflavin several times higher than normal would prevent the signs of
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deficiency. A developmental change had taken place in the cornea, making its vitamin B2 requirement
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abnormally high. If we accept the epigenetic, developmental idea of metabolic requirements, our idea of
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nurturing environmental support would consider the long-range effects of environmental adequacy, and would
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consider that much disease could be prevented by prenatal support, and by avoiding extreme deficiencies at
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any time. Williams himself emphasized the importance of prenatal nutrition in disease prevention, so he
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wasn't a genetic totalitarian; combining the idea of unique genetic individuality with the recognition that
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malnutrition causes disease, led him to believe in the necessity for nutitional adequacy, rather than to the
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extermination of the sick, weak, or different individuals.
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</p>
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<p>
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The idea of "genetic determinism" says that our traits are the result of the specific proteins that are
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produced by our specific genes. The doctrine allows for some gradations, such as "half a dose" of a trait,
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but in practice it becomes a purely subjective accounting for everything in terms of mysterious degrees of
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"penetrance" of genes, and interactions with unknown factors. Proteins, that supposedly express our genetic
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constitution, include enzymes, structural proteins, antibodies, and a variety of protein hormones and
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peptide regulatory molecules. Every protein, including the smallest peptide (except certain cyclic
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peptides), contains at least one amine group, and usually several. Amine groups react spontaneously with
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carbon dioxide, to form carbamino groups, and they can also react, nonenzymically, with sugars, in the
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reaction called glycation or glycosylation. These chemical changes alter the functions of the proteins, so
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that hormones and their "receptors," tubules and filaments, enzymes and synthetic systems, all behave
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differently under their influences. (The proteins' electrical charge, relationship to water and fats, and
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shape, change quickly and reversibly as the concentration of carbon dioxide changes; in the absence of
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carbon dioxide, these properties tend to change irreversibly under the influence of metabolic stress.)
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</p>
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<p>
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This is the clearest, and the most powerful, instance of metabolic influence on biological structure. That
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makes it very remarkable that it has been the subject of so few publications. I think the absence of
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discussion of this fundamental biological principle can be understood only in relation to the great
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importance it has for a new understanding of development and inheritance--it is an easily documented process
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that will invalidate some of the most deeply held beliefs of most of the people who are influential in
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science and politics.
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</p>
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<p>
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I will continue discussing some of these implications in newsletters on imprinting, degenerative diseases,
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heart attacks, high blood pressure, and other special biological questions, but I think the most important
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work that remains to be done is to work out the exact mechanisms by which metabolic energy, expressed
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largely by factors such as the ratio of carbon dioxide to lactic acid, guides both development and
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evolution. These ideas will have to take into account the actual resources of the world, as well as the
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internal processes and resources of the organism. Each development in the organism, whether it leads to
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maturation or to degeneration, consists of responses to and interactions with specific environments.
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</p>
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<p>
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Curiosity, esthetics, creativity, and stimulation are necessarily and deeply linked to metabolic efficiency
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and structural-anatomical development. For example, the known effects of stimulation and success (or
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isolation and depression) on brain anatomy and function should be linked meaningfully with metabolic,
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hormonal and dietary processes. There is a large amount of information available that could be put to
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practical use, but there are still important ideological barriers to be overcome. Marshalling the
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information needed to optimize our own development runs counter to the program of our technical-scientific
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culture, which prefers to believe that degeneration is programmed, while emergent evolution is
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unforeseeable. But, if an optimization project is presented as a way to forestall the "programmed
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degeneration," it might succeed in becoming part of the culture.
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</p>
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<p>
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Vernadsky's idea of the Noosphere differs from the Gaia hypothesis (that the world is a self-regulating
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organism-like system) in the intrinsic directionality of Vernadsky's Noosphere, which makes the course of
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human society crucial for the fate of the planet. It proposes that planets, like organisms, are going
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somewhere. The Gaia hypothesis is increasingly being interpreted as a justification for feeling no
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responsibility for the effects of technology on the environment, and some people are expressing that view of
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the world as essentially a justification for any vandalism that may come along. Kary Mullis, for example,
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says that mass extinctions of organisms have occurred in the past, and so it's just natural for species to
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become extinct, and it isn't appropriate to be concerned about the extinctions that are being caused by
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civilization's technological depredations.
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</p>
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<p>
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In the Noosphere, global warming and increased carbon dioxide would represent an advance toward a higher
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state of "metabolism" of the world, and this would support the emergence of new biological forms from those
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existing. But if whole systems of life are destroyed before that happens, the biological achievements of the
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past could be lost irretrievably; there is no guarantee that the system will continue to work, if major
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sectors are deleted from the interacting systems. Even in terms of the Gaia conception, that the earth is
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like an organism, consider what the loss of genetic complexity means for an organism. Sometimes, for
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example, things that happen to an individual lead to sterility several generations later, although the
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procedure didn't seem lethal for the individual or its immediate descendants.
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</p>
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<p>
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The whole idea of "evolution" is that the past is preserved within the present, or that the present is built
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upon the accomplishments of the past. The idea that evolution has been "random," and that the world is
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simply self-regulating, might seem liberating to those who hate the idea that they might be intrinsically
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responsible for anything outside of themselves, but it is liberating only in the way that a vandal's
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manifesto might be, declaring the world to be their playground.
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</p>
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<p>
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The problem with such a manifesto of irresponsibility is simply that it is built upon the same system of
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cultural assumptions that produced Nazi eugenics, and that those assumptions are false. The political
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assumptions of the people who controlled scientific institutions were built into a set of pseudo-scientific
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doctrines, which continue to be valued for their political and philosophical implications.
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</p>
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<p>
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For hundreds or thousands of years, the therapeutic value of carbonated mineral springs has been known. The
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belief that it was the water's lively gas content that made it therapeutic led Joseph Priestley to
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investigate ways to make artificially carbonated water, and in the process he discovered oxygen. Carbonated
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water had its medical vogue in the 19th century, but the modern medical establishment has chosen to define
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itself in a way that glorifies "dangerous," "powerful" treatments, and ridicules "natural" and mild
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approaches. The motivation is obvious--to maintain a monopoly, there must be some reason to exclude the
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general public from "the practice of medicine." Witch doctors maintained their monopoly by working with
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frightening ghost-powers, and modern medicine uses its technical mystifications to the same
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purpose.vAlthough the medical profession hasn't lost its legal monopoly on health care, corporate interests
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have come to control the way medicine is practiced, and the way research is done in all the fields related
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to medicine.
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</p>
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<p>
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The fact that carbon dioxide therapy is extremely safe has led to the official doctrine that it can't be
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effective. The results reviewed by Yandell Henderson in the Cyclopedia of Medicine in 1940 were so
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impressive that carbon dioxide therapy would have been as commonly used and as well known as oxygen therapy,
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radiation treatments, sulfa drugs, barbiturates, and digitalis, but it was completely lacking in the
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thrilling mystique of those dangerous treatments.
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</p>
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<p>
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Henderson assumed that carbon dioxide use was becoming a permanent part of medicine, to be used with
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anesthesia to prevent cessation of spontaneous breathing, during recovery from surgery to prevent shock and
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pneumonia, for stimulating respiration in newborns, and for resuscitating drowning or suffocation victims,
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as well as for treatment of heart disease and some neurological conditions (see below). However, its use in
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surgery and resuscitation has probably decreased since he wrote, despite occasional publications pointing
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out the dangers involved in the use of oxygen without carbon dioxide.
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</p>
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<p><h3>REFERENCES</h3></p>
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<strong>O. Rahn, "Protozoa need carbon dioxide for growth," Growth 5, 197-199, 1941. "</strong>On page 113 of
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this volume, the statement of Valley and Rettger that all bacteria need carbon dioxide for growth had been shown
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to apply to young as well as old cells." "...it is possible...to remove it as rapidly as it is produced, and
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under these circumstances, bacteria cannot multiply."<strong>Y. Henderson, "Carbon Dioxide," Cyclopedia of
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Medicine, 1940. "</strong>Before considering these matters, it will be best that the mind be cleared of
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certain deep rooted misconceptions that have long opposed the truth and impeded its applications. It will be
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seen that carbon dioxide is truly the breath of life.""The human mind is inherently inclined to take a
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moralistic view of nature. Prior to the modern scientific era, which only goes back a generation or two, if
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indeed it can be said as yet even to have begun in popular thought, nearly every problem was viewed as an
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alternative between good and evil, righteousness and sin, God and the Devil. This superstitious slant still
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distorts the conceptions of health and disease; indeed, it is mainly derived from the experience of physical
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suffering. Lavoisier contributed unintentionally to this conception when he defined the life supporting
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character of oxygen and the suffocating power of carbon dioxide. Accordingly, for more than a century after his
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death, and even now in the field of respiration and related functions, oxygen typifies the Good and carbon
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dioxide is still regarded as a spirit of Evil. There could scarcely be a greater misconception of the true
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biological relations of these gases." "Carbon dioxide is the chief hormone of the entire body; it is the only
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one that is produced by every tissue and that probably acts on every organ. In the regulation of the functions
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of the body, carbon dioxide exerts at least 3 well defined influences: (1) It is one of the prime factors in the
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acid-base balance of the blood. (2) It is the principal control of respiration. (3) It exerts an essential tonic
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influence upon the heart and peripheral circulation.""A frog's muscle will contract effectively and repeatedly
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under suitable stimulation in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen. In contraction, a muscle produces lactic acid,
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partly by reconversion into sugar. In other words, oxygen is not one of the primary factors in muscular work.
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The reserve store of oxygen in the body is small. Vigorous breathing does not take place before an exertion; the
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exertion is first made and then the oxygen needed to clear the system in preparation for another exertion is
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absorbed. The demand for oxygen for this scavenging of waste and restoration of power is termed by A.V. Hill the
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"oxygen deficit" of exercise.""On the other hand, present knowledge indicates that carbon dioxide is an
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absolutely essential component of protoplasm. It is one of the factors in the balance of alkali and acid for the
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maintenance of the normal pH of the tissues. Acapnia, that is diminution of the normal content of carbon
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dioxide, involves therefore, a disturbance of one of the fundamental conditions of life.""These observations
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upon the circulation showed also that in animals reduced to a state of shock the carbon dioxide of the blood, or
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as it now be generally termed, the "alkaline reserve," is greatly reduced. This experimental result was later
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confirmed by the observations of Cannon upon wounded soldiers during the war.""Catatonia.---Finally, mention may
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be made of the extraordinary observations reported by the late A.S. Lovenhart, in which he found that inhalation
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of carbon dioxide to cases of catatonia induced a temporary restoration of intelligence and mental
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responsiveness. The simplest explanation of the results in these cases is attained by postulating an habitual
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contraction of blood-vessels in the brain of the catatonic patient, similar to that in the heart and limbs of
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the cases discussed in the previous section. If this view is correct, the beneficial effects of the inhalation
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are due to improvement in the circulation in the brain under the influence of carbon dioxide upon the finer
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blood vessels."<span style="font-size: 14px"><strong>Vojnosanit Pregl 1996 Jul-Aug;53(4):261-74. [Carbon dioxide
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inhibits the generation of active forms of oxygen in human and animal cells and the significance of the
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phenomenon in biology and medicine]. Boljevic S, Kogan AH, Gracev SV, Jelisejeva SV, Daniljak IG</strong
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></span>Carbon dioxide (CO2) influence in generation of active oxygen forms (AOF) in human mononuclear cells
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(blood phagocytes and alveolar macrophages) and animal cells (tissue phagocytes, parenchymal and interstitial
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cells of liver, kidney, lung, brain and stomach) was investigated. The AOF generation was examined by the
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methods of chemiluminiscence (CL) using luminol, lucigenin and NBT (nitro blue tetrazolium) reaction. It was
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established that CO2 in concentrations similar to those in blood (5.1%, pCO2 37.5 mmHg) and at high
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concentrations (8.2%, pCO2 60 mmHg; 20%, pCO2 146 mmHg) showed pronounced inhibitory effect on the AOF
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generation in all the studied cells (usually reducing it 2 to 4 times). Those results were obtained not only
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after the direct contact of isolated cells with CO2, but also after the whole body exposure to CO2. Besides, it
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was established that venous blood gas mixture (CO2 - 45 mmHg, +O2 - 39 mmHg, + N2 - 646 mmHg) inhibited the AOF
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generation in cited cells more than the arterial blood gas mixture (CO2 - 40 mmHg, + O2 - 95 mmHg, + N2 - 595
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mmHg). Carbon dioxide action mechanism was developed partially through the inhibition of the OAF generation in
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mitochondria and through deceleration of NADPH oxidative activity. Finally, it was established that CO2 led to
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the better coordination of oxidation and phosphorylation and increased the phosphorylation velocity in liver
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mitochondria. The results clearly confirmed the general property of CO2 to inhibit significantly the AOF
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generation in all the cell types. This favors the new explanation of the well-known evolutionary paradox: the
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Earth life and organisms preservation when the oxygen, that shows toxic effects on the cells through the AOF,
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occurs in the atmosphere. The results can also be used to explain in a new way the vasodilating effect of CO2
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and the favorable hypercapnotherapy influence on the course of some bronchial asthma forms. The results are
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probably significant for the analysis of important bio-ecological problem, such as the increase of CO2
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concentration in the atmosphere and its effect on the humans and animals.<strong>Aviakosm Ekolog Med
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1997;31(6):56-9. [Functional activity of peripheral blood neutrophils of rats during combined effects of
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hypoxia, hypercapnia and cooling]. Baev VI, Kuprava MV</strong>Functional activity of neutrophilic
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leukocytes was studied in blood of rats immediately following single and repeated gradual increase in carbon
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dioxide and decrease in oxygen concentrations with the ambient temperature at 2 to 3 degrees C. Phagocytic
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activity was shown to alter as the number of phagocyticneutrophilic granulocytes, absorptivity or the phagocytic
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index, and the coefficient of phagocytosis completeness were elevated and levels of oxygen-dependent and
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oxygen-independent metabolism were reduced.<strong>Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 1997 Mar-Apr;(2):204-17. [Carbon
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dioxide--a universal inhibitor of the generation of active oxygen forms by cells]. Kogan AKh, Grachev SV,
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Eliseeva SV, Bolevich S</strong>Studies were carried out on blood phagocytes and alveolar macrophages of 96
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humans, on the cells of the viscera and tissue phagocytes (liver, brain, myocardium, lungs, kidneys, stomach,
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and skeletal muscle), and liver mitochondria of 186 random bred white mice. Generation of the active oxygen
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forms was determined using different methods after direct effect of CO2 on the cells and biopsies and indirect
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effect of CO2 on the integral organism. The results obtained suggest that CO2 at a tension close to that
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observed in the blood (37.0 mm Hg) and high tensions (60 or 146 mm Hg) is a potent inhibitor of generation of
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the active oxygen forms by the cells and mitochondria of the human and tissues. The mechanism of CO2 effect
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appears to be realized, partially, through inhibition of the NADPH-oxidase activity. The results are important
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for deciphering of a paradox of evolution, life preservation upon appearance of oxygen in the atmosphere and
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succession of anaerobiosis by aerobiosis, and elucidation of some other problems of biology and medicine, as
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well as analysis of the global bioecological problem, such as ever increasing CO2 content in the
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atmosphere.<strong>Ukr Biokhim Zh 1978 Mar-Apr;50(2):150-4.. [Content of adenine nucleotides and
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creatinephosphate in brain, myocardium, liver and skeletal muscle under combined action of hypercapnia,
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hypoxia and cooling]. Baev VI, Drukina MA</strong>Cooling of rats under conditions of hypercapina and
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hypoxia induced no changes in the content of adenine nucleotides in the brain and skeletal muscles and decreased
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their concentration in the liver and myocardium. The content of creatine phosphate increased in the brain, but
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had no changes in the other tissues. 48 hours after cooling the amount of adenine nucleotides in the brain was
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higher as compared with the initial values, that was due to an increase in the ATP concentration; in the other
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tissues the contents of adenine nucleotides did not differ from that of the intact rats. The repeated action (48
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hours after the first influences) caused no changes in the contents of adenine nucleotides in skeletal muscles
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and decreased them in the myocardium and liver. In the brain their amount and the content of creatinephosphate
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were increased as related to the intact rats. In the brain and myocardium the level of NADPH decreased after the
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first action and 48 hours after impact it restored up to the inital values. After repeated impact the level of
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NADPH in the brain restored up to initial values, in the myocardium it was increased.<strong>Fiziol Zh SSSR 1978
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Oct;64(10):1456-62. [Role of CO2 fixation in increasing the body's resistance to acute hypoxia]. Baev VI,
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Vasil'ev VV, Nikolaeva EN</strong>In rats, the phenomenon of considerable increase in resistance to acute
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hypoxia observed after 2-hour stay under conditions of gradually increasing concentration of CO2, decreasing
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concentration of O2, And external cooling at 2--3 degrees seems to be based mainly on changes in concentration
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of CO2 (ACCORDINGLY, PCO2 and other forms of CO2 in the blood). The high resistance to acute hypoxia develops as
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well after subcutaneous or i.v. administration of 1.0 ml of water solution (169.2 mg/200 g) NaHCO2, (NH4)2SO4,
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MgSO4, MnSO4, and ZnSO4 (in proportion: 35 : 5 : 2 : 0.15 : 0.15, resp.) or after 1-hour effect of increased
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hypercapnia and hypoxia without cooling.<strong>Vopr Med Khim 1976 Jan-Feb;22(1):37-41 [Pyridine nucleotide
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content in the brain and myocardium of rats under combined effect of hypercapnia, hypoxia and cooling]. Baev
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VI, Drukina MA</strong>In experiments with rats, subjected to single and repeated simultaneous effect of
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hypercapnia, hypoxia and cooling, contents of pyridine nucleotides (NAD, NADP, NAD-H2 and NADP-H2) and
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macroergic substances were studied and also the activity of dehydrogenases of the pentose pathway was determined
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in brain and myocardium. In brain NADP was not practically determined and in heart its content was increased
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after the first and the second treatments. Content of NADP-H2 was distinctly decreased in both tissues after the
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single treatment. NAD was not altered in the tissues in all the periods studied. The amount of NAD-H2 was
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decreased in brain after the single treatment and it was increased in myocardium after the repeated one. In the
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activity of dehydrogenases marked alterations were not observed. Total macroergic substances were not altered in
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brain after the single treatment and after the repeated one they were increased mainly due to the ATP increase.
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In myocardium total macroergic substances were decreased after the both treatments.<p>
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<a href="http://www.members.westnet.com.au/pkolb/buteyko.htm" target="_blank"><span
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style="text-decoration: underline; color: #033aee"
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>ASTHMA: Buteyko's Cure.</span></a>
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</p>
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<p>
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© Ray Peat Ph.D. 2012. All Rights Reserved. www.RayPeat.com
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</p>
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