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564 lines
35 KiB
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<head>
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<title>
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Milk in context: allergies, ecology, and some myths
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</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>
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Milk in context: allergies, ecology, and some myths
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</h1>
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<p></p>
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<p>
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Food allergies are becoming much more common in recent decades, especially in industrialized countries. Most
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attention has been given to theories about changes in people, such as the reduction in infectious diseases
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and parasites, or vitamin D deficiency, or harmful effects from vaccinations, and little attention has been
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given to degradation of the food supply.
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</p>
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<p>
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Our food cultures, like linguistic and moral cultures, give us some assumptions or theories about the way
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the world should be, and if these beliefs aren't questioned and tested, they can permeate the culture of
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science, turning the research process into a rationalization of accepted opinions.
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</p>
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<p>
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In general, those who pay for research are those with an investment in or commitment to the preservation and
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expansion of the existing systems of production and distribution. Cheap mass production, durability and long
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shelf-life are more important than the effects of foods on health. The biggest industries are usually able
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to keep public attention away from the harm they do.
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</p>
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<p>
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The historical economic importance of cereals and beans is reflected in the nutritional and biochemical
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research literature, which has paid relatively little attention to basic questions about human adaptation to
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the ecosystems. From the early petrochemical "Green Revolution" to the contemporary imposition of
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genetically altered seeds, the accumulated economic power of the food industry has taken control of the food
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culture.
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</p>
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<p>
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In evaluating each research publication relating to nutrition and health, we should ask what alternative
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possibilities are being neglected, for "practical" reasons, cultural preferences, and business interests.
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</p>
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<p>
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Some people with an ecological concern have argued that grains and beans can most economically provide the
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proteins and calories that people need, but good nutrition involves much more than the essential nutrients.
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</p>
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<p>
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"Efficient" industrial agriculture has been concerned with cheaply producing those important nutrients, and
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their critics have focussed on their use of toxic chemicals, on the social damage they produce, the
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degradation of the soil, the toxic effects of genetic modification, their unsustainable use of petroleum,
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and occasionally on the lower nutritional value of chemically stimulated crops.
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</p>
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<p>
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I think far too little attention is being given to the effects of abnormal and stressful growth conditions
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on the plants' natural defense systems. Plants normally synthesize some toxins and inhibitors of digestive
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enzymes to discourage attacks by bacteria, fungi, insects, and other predators. When a plant is injured or
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otherwise stressed, it produces more of the defensive substances, and very often they communicate their
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stress to other plants, and the resulting physiological changes can cause changes in seeds that affect the
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resistance of the progeny. (Agrawal, 2001)
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</p>
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<p>
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One of many substances produced by plants in response to injury is chitinase, an enzyme that breaks down
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chitin, a polysaccharide that is a structural component of fungi and insects. Chitinase, which is produced
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by bacteria and humans, as well as by plants and other organisms, is involved in developmental processes as
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well as in the innate immune system. In plants, the enzyme is induced by ethylene and salicylate, in animals
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by estrogen, light damage, and infections, and can be demonstrated in polyps and cancers.
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</p>
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<p>
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The two main classes of plant allergens are the stress-induced chitinases, and seed storage proteins, such
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as gluten. The chitinase allergens are responsible for reactions to latex (which is secreted by rubber trees
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in reaction to a wound), bananas, avocados, many other fruits and vegetables, and some types of wood and
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other plant materials. Intensive agricultural methods are increasing the formation of the defensive
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chemicals, and the industrialized crops are responsible for the great majority of the new allergies that
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have appeared in the last 30 years.
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</p>
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<p>
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The presence of the chitinase family of proteins in humans was first discovered in the inflamed asthmatic
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lung. It was then found at high levels in the uterine endometrium at the time of implantation of the embryo
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(an inflammation-like situation) and in the uterus during premature labor. Since estrogen treatment is known
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to increase the incidence of asthma and other inflammations, the appearance of chitinase also in the uterus
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in estrogen dominated conditions is interesting, especially when the role of estrogen in celiac disease (in
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effect an allergy to gluten) is considered. Celiac disease is more prevalent among females, and it involves
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the immunological cross-reaction to an antigen in the estrogen-regulated transglutaminase enzyme and the
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gluten protein. The (calcium-regulated) transglutaminase enzyme is involved in the cross-linking of proteins
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in keratinized cells, in fibrotic processes in the liver, and in cancer. (People with celiac disease often
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suffer from osteoporosis and urinary stone deposition, showing a general problem with calcium regulation.)
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</p>
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<p>
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This means that estrogen and stress cause the appearance of antigens in the human or animal tissues that are
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essentially the same as the stress-induced and defensive proteins in plant tissues. A crocodile might
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experience the same sort of allergic reaction when eating estrogen-treated women and when eating commercial
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bananas.
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</p>
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<p>
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The various states of the innate immune system have been neglected by immunologists, for example in relation
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to organ transplantation. The "major histocompatibility" antigens are matched, but organ transplants still
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sometimes fail. A study found that the livers from young men had a high survival rate when transplanted into
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either men or women, but the livers of older women donors were rejected at a high rate when transplanted
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into either men or women. Exposure to estrogen increases intracellular calcium and the unsaturation of fatty
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acids in tissue lipids, and the expression of enzymes such as chitinase and transglutaminase, and the
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various enzymes in the structure-sensitive estrogen-controlled metabolic pathways.
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</p>
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<p>
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Estrogen's actions are closely and pervasively involved with the regulation of calcium, and these changes
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affect the basic tissue structures and processes that constitute the innate immune system. Estrogen's effect
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in increasing susceptibility to "autoimmune" diseases hasn't yet been recognized by mainstream medicine.
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</p>
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<p>
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The chemist Norman Pirie argued convincingly that leaf protein had much higher nutritional value than grain
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and bean proteins, and that it had the potential to be much more efficient economically, if it could be
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separated from the less desirable components of leaves.
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</p>
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<p>
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The amino acid composition and nutritional value of leaf protein is similar to milk protein, which is
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understandable since cows produce milk from the amino acids produced in their rumens by bacteria digesting
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the leaves the cows have eaten. The bacteria perform the refining processes that Pirie believed could be
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done technologically, and they also degrade or detoxify the major toxins and allergens.
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</p>
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<p>
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The nutrients produced in the cow's rumen are selectively absorbed into the cow's bloodstream, where the
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liver can further filter out any toxins before the amino acids and other nutrients are absorbed by the udder
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to be synthesized into milk. If cows are fed extremely bad diets, for example with a very large amount of
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grain, the filtering process is less perfect, and some allergens can reach the milk, but since sick cows are
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less profitable than healthy cows, dairies usually feed their cows fairly well.
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</p>
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<p>
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In a recent study of 69,796 hospitalized newborns, a diagnosis of cow's milk allergy was made in 0.21% of
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them. Among those whose birthweight had been less than a kilogram, 0.35% of them were diagnosed with the
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milk allergy. Gastrointestinal symptoms were the main reason for the diagnosis, but a challenge test to
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confirm the diagnosis was used in only 15% of the participating hospitals, and a lymphocyte stimulation test
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was used in only 5.5% of them (Miyazawa, et al., 2009). There are many publications about milk allergies,
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but they generally involve a small group of patients, and the tests they use are rarely evaluated on healthy
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control subjects.
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</p>
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<p>
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Several surveys have found that of children who have a diagnosed milk allergy, about 2/3 of them grow out of
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the allergy.
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</p>
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<p>
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People who have told me that they have had digestive problems with milk have sometimes found that a
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different brand of milk doesn't cause any problem.
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</p>
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<p>
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Milk with reduced fat content is required by US law to have vitamins D and A added. The vehicle used in the
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vitamin preparation, and the industrial contaminants in the "pure" vitamins themselves, are possible sources
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of allergens in commercial milk, so whole milk is the most likely to be free of allergens.
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</p>
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<p>
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A thickening agent commonly used in milk products, carrageenan, is a powerful allergen that can cause a
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"pseudo-latex allergy" (Tarlo, et al., 1995). It is a sulfated polysaccharide, structurally similar to
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heparin. There are good reasons to think that its toxic effects are the result of disturbance of calcium
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metabolism (see for example Abdullahi, et al., 1975; Halici, et al., 2008; Janaswamy and Chandrasekaran,
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2008).
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</p>
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<p>
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Besides the idea of milk allergy, the most common reason for avoiding milk is the belief that the genes of
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some ethnic groups cause them to lack the enzyme, lactase, needed to digest milk sugar, lactose, and that
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this causes lactose intolerance, resulting in gas or diarrhea when milk is consumed. Tests have been
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reported in which a glass of milk will cause the lactase deficient people to have abdominal pain. However,
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when intolerant people have been tested, using milk without lactose for comparison, there were no
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differences between those receiving milk with lactose or without it. The "intolerant" people consistently
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tolerate having a glass with each meal.
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</p>
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<p>
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When a group of lactase deficient people have been given some milk every day for a few weeks, they have
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adapted, for example with tests showing that much less hydrogen gas was produced from lactose by intestinal
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bacteria after they had adapted (Pribila, et al., 2000).
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</p>
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<p>
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Bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine can be caused by hypothyroidism (Lauritano, et al., 2007), and
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the substances produced by these bacteria can damage the lining of the small intestine, causing the loss of
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lactase enzymes (Walshe, et al., 1990).
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</p>
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<p>
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Another hormonal condition that probably contributes to lactase deficiency is progesterone deficiency, since
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a synthetic progestin has been found to increase the enzyme (Nagpaul, et al., 1990). The particular
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progestin they used lacks many of progesterone's effects, but it does protect against some kinds of stress,
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including high estrogen and cortisol. This suggests that stress, with its increased ratio of estrogen and
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cortisol to progesterone, might commonly cause the enzyme to decrease.
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</p>
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<p>
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Two other ideas that sometimes cause people to avoid drinking milk and eating cheese are that they are
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"fattening foods," and that the high calcium content could contribute to hardening of the arteries.
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</p>
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<p>
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When I traveled around Europe in 1968, I noticed that milk and cheese were hard to find in the Slavic
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countries, and that many people were fat. When I crossed from Russia into Finland, I noticed there were many
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stores selling a variety of cheeses, and the people were generally slender. When I lived in Mexico in the
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1960s, good milk was hard to find in the cities and towns, and most women had fat hips and short legs.
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Twenty years later, when good milk was available in all the cites, there were many more slender women, and
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the young people on average had much longer legs. The changes I noticed there reminded me of the differences
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I had seen between Moscow and Helsinki, and I suspect that the differences in calcium intake were partly
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responsible for the changes of physique.
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</p>
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<p>
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In recent years there have been studies showing that regular milk drinkers are less fat than people who
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don't drink it. Although the high quality protein and saturated fat undoubtedly contribute to milk's
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anti-obesity effect, the high calcium content is probably the main factor.
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</p>
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<p>
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The parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an important regulator of calcium metabolism. If dietary calcium isn't
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sufficient, causing blood calcium to decrease, the PTH increases, and removes calcium from bones to maintain
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a normal amount in the blood. PTH has many other effects, contributing to inflammation, calcification of
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soft tissues, and decreased respiratory energy production.
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</p>
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<p>
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When there is adequate calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium in the diet, PTH is kept to a minimum. When PTH is
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kept low, cells increase their formation of the uncoupling proteins, that cause mitochondria to use energy
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at a higher rate, and this is associated with decreased activity of the fatty acid synthase enzymes.
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</p>
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<p>
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These changes are clearly related to the anti-obesity effect of calcium, but those enzymes are important for
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many other problems.
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</p>
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<p>
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The "metabolic syndrome," that involves diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, is associated with high PTH
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(Ahlstr"m, et al., 2009; Hjelmesaeth, et al., 2009).
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</p>
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<p>
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Alzheimer's disease involves decreased mitochondrial activity and low levels of the uncoupling proteins.
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There is evidence that milk drinkers are protected against dementia (Yamada, et al., 2003). Cancer involves
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increased activity of the fatty acid synthase enzymes. Increased calcium consumption beneficially affects
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both sets of enzymes, uncoupling proteins and fatty acid synthase.
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</p>
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<p>
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Multiple sclerosis relapses consistently occur at times of high PTH, and remissions consistently occur at
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times of low PTH (Soilu-H"nninen, et al., 3008). PTH increases the activity of nitric oxide synthase, and
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nitric oxide is a factor in the vascular leakiness that is so important in MS.
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</p>
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<p>
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There are components of milk that might protect against tooth decay by inhibiting the binding of bacteria to
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teeth (Danielsson, et al., 2009).
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</p>
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<p>
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David McCarron has published a large amount of evidence showing how calcium deficiency contributes to high
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blood pressure. The chronic elevation of PTH caused by calcium deficiency causes the heart and blood vessels
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to retain calcium, making them unable to relax fully.
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</p>
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<p>
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Intravenous infusion of calcium can relax blood vessels and improve heart function. The suppression of PTH
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is probably the main mechanism.
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</p>
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<p>
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PTH (like estrogen) causes mast cells to release promoters of inflammation, including histamine and
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serotonin. Serotonin and nitric oxide contribute to increasing PTH secretion.
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</p>
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<p>
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Removal of the parathyroid gland has reduced heart problems and mortality (Costa-Hong, et al., 2007) and
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insomnia (Esposito, et al., 2008; Sabbatini, et al., 2002) in people with kidney disease and excess PTH.
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</p>
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<p>
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Increased carbon dioxide, for example when adapted to high altitude, can greatly decrease PTH. Frequent, but
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smaller, meals can reduce PTH.
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</p>
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<p>
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Cancer cells often secrete PTH and related proteins with similar effects on calcium, and the PTH stimulates
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the growth and invasiveness of prostate cancer (DaSilva, et al., 2009) cells, and seems to be as closely
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involved with breast cancer. The PTH-related protein is associated with calcification in breast cancer
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(Kanbara, et al., 1994). Microscopic calcium crystals themselve produce inflammation (Denko and Whitehouse,
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1976).
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</p>
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<p>
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Besides being an ecologically favorable source of calcium, protein, sugar, and fat, the composition of milk
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causes it to be digested efficiently, supporting the growth of bacteria that are relatively safe for the
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intestine and liver, and reducing the absorption of endotoxin.
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</p>
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<p>
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Dividing any food into smaller meals can lower the PTH, and milk is a convenient food to use in small
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amounts and frequently.
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</p>
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<p>
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Some amino acids directly stimulate insulin secretion, decreasing blood sugar and leading to the secretion
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of cortisol in reaction to the depression of blood glucose. The presence of lactose in milk, and of fat, to
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slow absorption of the amino acids, helps to minimize the secretion of cortisol. The main protein of milk,
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casein, seems to have some direct antistress effects (Biswas, et al., 2003).
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</p>
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<p>
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Since milk's primary biological function is to support the growth of a young animal, some of its features
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make it inappropriate as a sole food for an adult. To support cell division and growth, the methionine and
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tryptophan content of milk is higher than would be optimal for an adult animal, and the phosphate might be
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slightly more than needed, in relation to the calcium. Since the fetus stores a large amount of iron during
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gestation, the iron content of milk is low, and when a young animal has used the stored iron, its continuing
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growth requires more iron than milk provides. However, for an adult, the low iron content of milk and cheese
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makes these foods useful for preventing the iron overload that often contributes to the degenerative
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diseases.
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</p>
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<p>
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Combining milk and cheese with fruits adds to the antistress effect. The additional sugar and potassium and
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other minerals allow the milk protein to be used more efficiently, by moderating the secretion of cortisol,
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and helping to inhibit the secretion of PTH.
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</p>
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<p>
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Substances such as PTH, nitric oxide, serotonin, cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, thyroid stimulating
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hormone, and prolactin have regulatory and adaptive functions that are essential, but that ideally should
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act only intermittently, producing changes that are needed momentarily. When the environment is too
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stressful, or when nutrition isn't adequate, the organism may be unable to mobilize the opposing and
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complementary substances to stop their actions. In those situations, it can be therapeutic to use some of
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the nutrients as supplements. Calcium carbonate (eggshell or oyster shell, for example) and vitamins D and
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K, can sometimes produce quick antistress effects, alleviating insomnia, hypertension, edema, inflammations
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and allergies, etc., but the regular use of milk and cheese can prevent many chronic stress-related
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diseases.
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</p>
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<p><h3>REFERENCES</h3></p>
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<p>
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Agents Actions. 1975 Oct;5(4):371-3. <strong>Effect of calcitonin on carrageenan foot oedema.</strong>
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Abdullahi SE, De Bastiani G, Nogarin L, Velo GP.
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</p>
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<p>
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Am Nat. 2001 May;157(5):555-69. <strong>Transgenerational consequences of plant responses to herbivory: an
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adaptive maternal effect?</strong> Agrawal AA.
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</p>
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<p>
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Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 Nov;71(5):673-8. <strong>Correlation between plasma calcium, parathyroid hormone
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(PTH) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a community-based cohort of men and women.
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</strong>
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Ahlstr"m T, Hagstr"m E, Larsson A, Rudberg C, Lind L, Hellman P.
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</p>
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<p>
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Indian J Exp Biol. 2003 Apr;41(4):367-9. <strong>Protection of adrenocortical activity by dietary casein in
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ether anaesthetized rats.</strong> Biswas NM, Chattopadhyay A, Sarkar M. "Ether anaesthesia to 20%
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casein fed rats caused no change in adrenal delta5-3beta-HSD activity and serum corticosterone level when
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compared with controls fed 20% casein diet. <strong>The results suggest that high milk protein diet may
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prevent acute stress effects by protecting adrenocortical activity.</strong> The present investigation
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opens up a new area of management of stress."
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</p>
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<p>
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Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Oct;88(4):877-85. <strong>Dairy calcium supplementation in overweight or obese persons:
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its effect on markers of fat metabolism.</strong>
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Bortolotti M, Rudelle S, Schneiter P, Vidal H, Loizon E, Tappy L, Acheson KJ.
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</p>
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<p>
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J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Dec;24(6 Suppl):569S-73S. <strong>The myth of increased lactose intolerance in
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African-Americans.
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</strong>
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Byers KG, Savaiano DA.
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</p>
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<p>
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Exp Eye Res. 2004 Aug;79(2):239-47. <strong>Light damage induced changes in mouse retinal gene
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expression.</strong> Chen L, Wu W, Dentchev T, Zeng Y, Wang J, Tsui I, Tobias JW, Bennett J, Baldwin D,
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Dunaief JL.
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</p>
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<p>
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J Urol. 2008 Sep;180(3):974-9. Epub 2008 Jul 17.<strong>Urinary stone disease in adults with celiac disease:
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prevalence, incidence and urinary determinants.</strong>
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Ciacci C, Spagnuolo G, Tortora R, Bucci C, Franzese D, Zingone F, Cirillo M.
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</p>
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<p>
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Surgery. 2007 Nov;142(5):699-703. <strong>Parathyroidectomy reduces cardiovascular events and mortality in
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renal Hyperparathyroidism.</strong> Costa-Hong V, Jorgetti V, Gowdak LH, Moyses RM, Krieger EM, De Lima
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JJ.
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</p>
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<p>
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Caries Res. 2009;43(3):171-8. <strong>Human milk compounds inhibiting adhesion of mutans streptococci to
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host ligand-coated hydroxyapatite in vitro.</strong>
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Danielsson Niemi L, Hernell O, Johansson I.
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</p>
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<p>
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Cancer Res. 2009 Sep 15;69(18):7402-11. <strong>The neuroendocrine-derived peptide parathyroid
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hormone-related protein promotes prostate cancer cell growth by stabilizing the androgen
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receptor.</strong> DaSilva J, Gioeli D, Weber MJ, Parsons SJ.
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</p>
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<p>
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J Rheumatol. 1976 Mar;3(1):54-62. <strong>Experimental inflammation induced by naturally occurring
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microcrystalline calcium salts.</strong> Denko CW, Whitehouse MW.
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</p>
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<p>
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Dig Liver Dis. 2009 Aug;41(8):541-50. <strong>Transglutaminases in inflammation and fibrosis of the
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gastrointestinal tract and the liver.</strong>
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Elli L, Bergamini CM, Bardella MT, Schuppan D.
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</p>
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<p>
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J Nephrol. 2008 Mar-Apr;21 Suppl 13:S92-6. <strong>Parathyroidectomy improves the quality of sleep in
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maintenance hemodialysis patients with severe hyperparathyroidism.</strong> Esposito MG, Cesare CM, De
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Santo RM, Cice G, Perna AF, Violetti E, Conzo G, Bilancio G, Celsi S, Annunziata F, Iannelli S, De Santo NG,
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Cirillo M, Livrea A.
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</p>
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<p>
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Endocrinology. 1997 Jul;138(7):2665-73. <strong>Parathyroid hormone-related protein is induced in the adult
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