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771 lines
58 KiB
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<title>Adaptive substance, creative regeneration: Mainstream science, repression, and creativity</title>
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<h1>
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Adaptive substance, creative regeneration: Mainstream science, repression, and creativity
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<p>
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<strong>"I intend to show you how neo-Darwinism has been invalidated within science itself, as an
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explanation of how life on earth has evolved and is evolving. It is nevertheless still perpetrated by
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the academic establishment, if only because it serves so well to promote genetic engineering, a
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technology that has the potential to destroy all life on earth. Furthermore, neo-Darwinism reinforces a
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worldview that undermines all moral values and prevents us from the necessary shift to holistic,
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ecological sciences that can truly regenerate the earth and revitalize the human spirit."
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</strong>
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Mae-Wan Ho
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<a href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/paris.php" target="_blank">http://www.i-sis.org.uk/paris.php</a>
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</p>
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<p>
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<hr />
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<p>
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More than 50 years have been wasted in one of the most important and fundamental branches of science and
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medicine, for reasons that are highly ideological and political. Rather than studying the regeneration of
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organs and tissues, and recognizing its obvious importance in healing as well as in understanding the nature
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of life, much of the last century was devoted to the defamation of the researchers who were making real
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process in the field. Despite many demonstrations that regeneration can occur in adult mammals, students
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were taught that it happens only in lower vertebrates. I think it's important to look closely at the
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ideology responsible for this great loss.
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</p>
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<p>
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Warburg and Szent-Gyorgyi, in thinking about cancer, emphasized that growth is the primordial function of
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all cells, and that the differentiated functions of complex organisms involve restraints of that primitive
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function, imposed by a system that has developed through time.
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</p>
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<p>
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Seen with this orientation, regeneration is the spontaneous result of the disappearance of restraint. The
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reproduction of a whole plant from a twig, or clone, was a process known for thousands of years. Any part of
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the plant contains the information needed for making a whole plant. More than thirty years ago, cells from a
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tumor were added to the cells of a normal embryo, and the animal that matured from the embryo-tumor mix was
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normal, and had traits of both lineages, showing that the tumor cells had retained the genetic information
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of a complete healthy organism, and just needed a different environment in which to realize their full
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potential.
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</p>
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<p>
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One of the currents of medical thinking, from classical times through Paracelsus to homeopathy and
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naturopathy, has been a confidence in the capacity of the organism to heal itself. But "modern" medicine has
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arrogated to itself the "healing power," with terrible results, mitigated only by their occasional reluctant
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acceptance of fragments of sane organismic thinking, such as recognizing the importance of nutrition, or of
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keeping sewage out of the drinking water. Research into methods to support the organism's natural
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restorative powers has been ridiculed and suppressed.
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</p>
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<p>
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We are immersed in the propaganda of modern medicine, and part of that propaganda involves the confabulation
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of a history of science that supports their practice and their ideology. The real history of science won't
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be found in science textbooks.
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</p>
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<p>
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"I intend to show you how neo-Darwinism has been invalidated within science itself, as an explanation of how
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life on earth has evolved and is evolving. It is nevertheless still perpetrated by the academic
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establishment, if only because it serves so well to promote genetic engineering, a technology that has the
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potential to destroy all life on earth. Furthermore, neo-Darwinism reinforces a worldview that undermines
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all moral values and prevents us from the necessary shift to holistic, ecological sciences that can truly
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regenerate the earth and revitalize the human spirit." Mae-Wan Ho
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<a href="http://www.i-sis.org.uk/paris.php" target="_blank">http://www.i-sis.org.uk/paris.php</a>
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</p>
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<p>
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Mainstream medical treatments are based on some fundamentally absurd scientific ideas. The advent of
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experimental animal cloning and the industrialization of genetic engineering have undercut the most
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important biological doctrines of the 20th century, but the processes of critical thinking haven't made
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headway against most of the traditional medical stereotypes. Cloning shows that all cells are potential
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"stem cells," but this fact co-exists with the Hayflick doctrine, that says, essentially, that no cell is a
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stem cell.
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</p>
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<p>
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The ideology of culturally significant "intellectuals"--scientists, professors, neurobiologists, linguists,
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philosophers, oncologists, geneticists--in the US is deeply influenced by the dualism and mechanistic
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materialism of Rene DesCartes.
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</p>
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<p>
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The denial that animals can think or understand language, the claim that babies or animals don't feel pain,
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or that heart cells and brain cells can't divide, or that somatic cells lack the genetic capacity to be
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cloned, or that they are intrinsically mortal, limited to a maximum of 50 cell divisions--these absurdities
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of 20th century biology and medicine all resulted from an abject commitment to the mechanistic doctrine of
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matter and life promoted or invented by DesCartes.
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</p>
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<p>
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I doubt that DesCartes really invented anything, because, by the evidence of his writing, he wasn't an
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intelligent man, but he placed himself politically in such a way that his arguments were acceptable to many
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influential people, and they continue to be acceptable to authoritarian and elitist factions even today.
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</p>
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<p>
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In the 16th and 17th century the cultures of England, Holland, and France were increasingly dominated by
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business interests. People who had money to invest wanted to see the world as an orderly, predictable place,
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and they found that many of the ideas of the ancient Greeks were useful. Mathematics was needed to calculate
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interest rates, insurance premiums, and, for the military, the trajectories of missiles. In an orderly
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world, allowance for a little random variation helped to save the perfection of the general rule.
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</p>
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<p>
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In this environment, theological thinking began retrenching its doctrine, to make it more acceptable to the
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increasingly powerful commercial people. The clockwork universe of DesCartes' time, in which a perfect world
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that operated according to perfect natural laws had been divinely created, gradually became theologically
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acceptable during the 18th and 19th centuries. In the 18th century, the Deists were the most famous
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embodiment of the idea, and then in the 19th century their place was taken by the Catastrophists, who
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claimed that the fossils which seemed to show evolutionary change of species actually represented species
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that had been created along with those now existing, but that had been destroyed by catastrophes, such as
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Noah's flood. By the end of the 19th century, the president of an American university recognized that
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theological compromises could prevent his undergraduates from rejecting religion entirely, and forbade
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sermons against evolution.
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</p>
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<p>
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There were many biologists who insisted that evolution of new species was analogous to the development of an
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individual, and that both revealed an adaptive capacity of the living substance. In this view, the adaptive
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growth of an individual in a new environment revealed novel solutions to new problems, and showed an innate
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inventiveness and intelligence in the process of growth and adaptation. The appearance of new species was
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thought to represent the same sorts of adaptive processes.
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</p>
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<p>
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Erasmus Darwin (grandfather of Charles) was an evolutionist of this sort, but because of political and
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theological pressure, he kept relatively quiet about his beliefs. There was an underground culture, in which
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an evolutionary view of the world was accepted, but these views were seldom published, because of
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increasingly stringent censorship. Because of censorship, poetry, letters, and diaries, rather than academic
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and scholarly works, give us the true picture of 18th century and early 19th century scientific culture.
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</p>
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<p>
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The scientists who wanted their work to be acceptable to those in power found ways to work with the
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Cartesian mechanical view of the world, building on the Deists' compromise, which had succeeded in removing
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the supernatural from nature. As the fossil evidence of evolution became inescapable, around the time of
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Charles Darwin's work, those who wanted to bring evolution into the mainstream of culture found that the
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Catastrophism of the creationists could be adapted to their purposes, with only slight modification.
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</p>
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<p>
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The doctrine of Thomas Malthus, who argued that war, famine, and disease were beneficial for those who
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survived, by decreasing the competition for limited resources, became a near equivalent to the catastrophic
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floods that the creationists had invoked to explain the geological record that contained evidence of many
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extinct animals. <strong>The doctrine of Malthus, like that of the Catastrophists, made loss, deletion, and
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destruction into a central device for explaining the history of the world.</strong>
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</p>
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<p>
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Both of the Darwins had accepted the idea that many biological changes were adaptive, rather than random,
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but the new practical compromise doctrine introduced the idea that changes were just "random variations."
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The essentially mechanical nature of the world was preserved, because "chance" occurrences could be dealt
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with, and didn't involve anything supernatural. <strong>The function of the environment wasn't to add
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anything to life (that would have been to assert that there were creative powers other than those of the
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Creator), but simply to eliminate the inferior individuals that appeared as the result of random
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changes.</strong>
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</p>
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<p>
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Gregor Mendel applied the principle of chance to explaining the inheritance of certain traits, and showed
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that "traits" were passed on unchanged, even when they weren't visible. His ideas were published and were
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acceptable to the scientific mainstream of his time. Traits were determined by "factors" that were passed
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on, unchanged, from parents, and biological variation was explained by varied mixing of factors which in
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themselves were unaffected by the organism or the environment. Genetic determinism was safely compatible
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with creationism.
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</p>
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<p>
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Shortly after Mendel's death, August Weismann began a campaign to put a stop to the claims of those who,
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like the Darwins and Lamarck, saw adaptive development of organisms as an essential part of the evolution of
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species.
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</p>
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<p>
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Weismann was essentially a propagandist, and his first fame was the result of "disproving" Lamarck by
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cutting the tails off more than 1500 mice, and observing that their offspring were born with tails. The
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reason the inheritance of acquired traits was impossible, he said, was that the "germ line" was perfectly
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isolated from the rest of the organism. The differentiated tissues of the body were produced by the
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selective loss of information from the nuclei of cells in the embryo. The cells of the germ line were
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immortal and contained all the information needed to produce an organism, but no other cell of the organism
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was complete.
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</p>
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<p>
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Complexity was produced by deletion, and this was the basis for arguing that, if even the development of an
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individual was nothing but a passive unfolding of inherited properties, much like unpacking a trunkful of
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clothes, then there could be no adaptively acquired traits, and certainly no inheritance of something which
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didn't exist. Changes in an individual were simply accidents, such as having a tail amputated, and so the
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whole issue of the origin of complexity was safely left to a primordial creation.
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</p>
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<p>
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Weismann and his arguments were famous in Europe and the US, and formed the background for the ideas known
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as neo-Darwinism. His "isolation of the germ line" was the earliest version of the Central Dogma of
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molecular biology, namely, that information flows only from DNA to RNA to protein. His doctrine, of
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complexification through deletion, is the epitome of the greatest dogma of modern times, expressed in
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doctrines from Catastrophism through the second law of thermodynamics and the theory of the Big Bang, down
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to Hayflick's Doctrine of the mortality of somatic cells. All these are consequences of the Cartesian and
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Deistic separation of intelligence from matter.
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</p>
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<p>
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Regeneration is one of the most vivid examples of the intelligence of living substance.
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</p>
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<p>
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Given a natural tendency of cells to multiply, the interesting thing about regenerative healing is the
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question of why the new growth of tissue sometimes differentiates to fit appropriately into its
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surroundings, but sometimes fails to differentiate, becoming a tumor.
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</p>
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<p>
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With aging, the regenerative process declines, and the process of tissue rebuilding slows. Against a
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background of reduced regenerative ability, tissue growth sometimes produces tumors, rather than renewed
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healthy tissue. When tumors are grafted onto the amputated tail stump of a salamander, which has good
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regenerative ability, the tumor is transformed into a tail, by its envirornment, or morphogenic field. The
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"cancer problem" is essentially the problem of understanding the organizing forces of the organism. The
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aging problem is another aspect of the same problem.
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</p>
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<p>
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Traditionally, biologists had studied anatomy, physiology, embryology or development, and taxonomy or the
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classification of organisms. The growth of knowedge early in the 20th century was suddenly seeming to
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confirm the physiological, adaptive view of organisms that Lamarck had held. C.M. Child, Joseph Needham,
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Alexander Gurwitsch, and L.V. Polezhaev were demonstrating the primacy of a formative process in biology.
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Polezhaev and Vladimir Filatov were studying practical means of stimulating regeneration as a medical
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technique.
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</p>
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<p>
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Until the beginning of the second world war, the study of regeneration and the pattern-forming processes in
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embryology were the liveliest parts of biological research. Gestalt psychology was being developed at the
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same time, with a similar emphasis on patterns and wholes.
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</p>
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<p>
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But Weismannism and neo-Darwinism, largely embodied in the person of the geneticist T.H. Morgan,
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deliberately set out to kill that line of biological research. Gestalt psychology was similarly eliminated
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by the Behaviorists.
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</p>
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<p>
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One of Morgan's closest associates, his student and colleague A.H. Sturtevant, said that "Morgan's
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objectives, what he was trying to get at in general in his biological work was to produce mechanistic
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interpretations of biological phenomena. One of the things that irritated him most was any suggestion of
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purpose in biological interpretation. He always had some reservations about the idea of natural selection,
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because it seemed to him to open the door to interpretations of biological phenomena in terms of purpose. He
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could be talked into the conclusion that there was nothing that wasn't strictly mechanistic about this
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interpretation, but he never liked it. And you had to talk him into it again every few months." (Sturtevant,
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A. H., <em>Genetics, Vol. 159,</em> 1-5, September 2001, Copyright 2001, Reminiscences of T. H. Morgan.)
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</p>
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<p>
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Whatever his motives, Morgan was known to have prevented his students (including C.M. Child) from publishing
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work that supported a holistic view of the organism. After Morgan's death, there was an intense and
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widespread campaign to suppress any approach to biology other than the "new synthesis," neo-Darwinism, with
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its doctrine of mechanistic genetic determinism and its doctrine of random variation. A developmental
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biologist, J.M. Opitz (1985), commented that <strong>"in one of the most astounding developments in Western
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scientific history, the gradient-field, or epimorphic field concept, as embodied in normal ontogeny and
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as studied by experimental embryologists, seems to have simply vanished from the intellectual patrimony
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of Western biologists."</strong>
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<strong> </strong>
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</p>
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<p>
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Formative processes are necessarily multidimensional, and that makes calculation and analysis very complex.
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To a great extent, the geneticists were motivated to study bacterial genes, rather than vertebrate embryos,
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by the principle that motivated the drunk to look for his car keys under the street lamp, even though that
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wasn't where he lost them, because the light made it easier to look there.
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</p>
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<p>
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Bacteria are easy to study because they lack the complexity that makes it hard to study an embryo or an
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animal. The language used in genetics textbooks shows not only that bacteria are treated by geneticists as
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if they were one or two dimensional, but that the concepts developed for bacterial genetics have been
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extrapolated to use in describing complex organisms: "<strong>Genes interact</strong> to establish the body
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axis in Drosophila. Homeotic <strong>Genes control</strong> pattern formation along the anterior-posterior
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body axis." (<em>Essentials of Genetics,</em> M. Cummings and W. Klug, Prentice Hall, 2004.)
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</p>
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<p>
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One of the basic distinctions in embryology is in the way the cells divide after the egg is fertilized.
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Oysters and earthworms have spiral cleavage, sea urchins and people have radial cleavage. Several decades
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ago an experimenter was transferring a nucleus from an egg of an animal with radial cleavage, I think a sea
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urchin, into the enucleated egg of a snail, with spiral cleavage. The nucleus transplanted across such a
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great difference in phyla didn't sustain maturation of the animal, but it did permit development to proceed
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for several rounds of cell division, and the pattern of cell division, or cleavage, and embryonic
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development always followed the pattern of the phylum to which the egg cytoplasm belonged, never the pattern
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of the phylum from which the nucleus was derived. The genes in the nucleus, obviously, weren't directing the
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basic pattern formation of the embryo.
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</p>
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<p>
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One-dimensional bacterial genetics can be used to "explain" multidimensional systems, but it can't be
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expected to make useful predictions.
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</p>
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<p>
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The idea of complexity, or of multidimensionality, has often been analyzed in terms of "fields," by analogy
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with a magnetic field, as some property, or properties, that extend beyond any individual part, giving some
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coherence to the parts. Lamarck was concerned with understanding ensembles of particles and cells, but in
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his time electricity and heat were the only principles that physics provided that helped to illuminate the
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nature of living organisms. At the end of the 19th century, though, the physicist J.C. Bose was noticing
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that all of the properties of life that had interested Lamarck and Buffon--irritability, sensation,
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contraction, memory, etc.--had their close analogs in non-living substances. Bose, who invented the radio
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detector that was the core of Marconi's apparatus, found that, in the presence of an electromagnetic field,
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particles of a substance, such as finely powdered metal filings, cohered into a unified whole. An otherwise
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invisible, undetectable "field" which in Lamarck's time might have been known as one of the "subtle fluids,"
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was able to organize a myriad of inert particles into a unified whole.
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</p>
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<p>
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In the early 1920s, Bungenberg de Jong and A.I. Oparin showed how solutions of organic substances could
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spontaneously organize themselves into complex systems, with differentiated parts. A Russian embryologist,
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Alexander Gurwitsch, found that the parts of an organ or embryo could exert their stimulating or organizing
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influence on other cells even through a piece of glass, and by using different types of filter, he
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identified ultraweak ultraviolet rays as a medium of communication between cells. F.-A. Popp and others are
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currently studying the integrating functions of ultraweak light signals. Guenter Albrecht-Buehler (who has
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an interesting website called Cell Intelligence) is investigating the role of pulsed infrared signals in
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cell communication.
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</p>
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<p>
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Electrical fields produced by cells, tissues, and organisms have been shown to influence cellular metabolism
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and physiology, and to influence growth patterns. Closely associated with cellular electrical fields are
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fields or gradients of pH and osmolarity, and all of these fields are known to affect the activity of
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enzymes, and so to create environments or fields of particular chemical concentrations.
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</p>
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<p>
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A phenomenon that was well known in the 1930s, when developmental fields were still a familiar part of
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scientific discussion, was the "cancer field." Before a cancer developed in a particular area, the area
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showed progessive changes, away from normal function and structure, toward the cancer physiology.
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</p>
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<p>
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In the embryonic state, damaged tissues regenerate quickly. The metabolism of an embryo or fetus is highly
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oxidative, converting glucose rapidly to carbon dioxide and water. Both carbon dioxide and water are
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important regulators of cellular metabolism and function, and the concentrations of both of them decrease
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systematically with maturity and aging. Both are involved with the most basic aspects of cellular
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sensitivity, responsiveness, and organization.
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</p>
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<p>
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To resume the scientific tradition that has "simply vanished," I think we have to recover our ability to
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think about organisms generally, leaving aside as many of the concepts of genetics as possible (such as
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"gene," "operon," "receptor"; "the gene" has never been more than an ideological artifact), because they so
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often falsify the most important issues. The organization of tissues and organs, and their functional
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properties, should be the focus of attention, as they were for Lamarck around 1800, and for Johanes Muller,
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who in 1840 saw cancer as a problem on the level of tissue, rather than cells. For Lamarck, sensitivity and
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movement were the essential properties of the living substance, and J. C. Bose showed reasons for believing
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that the characteristics of life were built on related properties of matter itself.
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</p>
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<p>
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Sensitivity, the ability to respond appropriately to the environment, is probably a missing factor in the
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development of a tumor. The ability to become quiescent, to quietly participate in the ensemble of cells, is
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an essential feature of the sensitivity and responsiveness of the cells of complex organisms. The factors
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that support organized appropriate functioning are the factors that help cells to inhibit the excitatory
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state. If the keys of an accordion or organ didn't spring back after the musician pressed them, the
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instrument would be unplayable. In extreme physiological states, such as epilepsy or malignant hyperthermia,
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nerves or muscles become incapable of relaxing. Insomnia and muscle cramps are milder degrees of a defective
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relaxation process. Excitoxicity and inflammation describe less generalized cases of a similar process, in
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which there is an imbalance between excitation and the restorative ability to stop the excitation. Prolonged
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excitation, resulting in excessive fatigue, can cause a cell to disintegrate, in the process of cell death
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called apoptosis, "falling away."
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</p>
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<p>
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In the experiments of Polezhaev and Filatov, the products of cell disintegration were found to stimulate the
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birth of new cells (possibly by blocking a signal that restrains cell division). This process has been found
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in every organ that has been examined appropriately. It amounts to a "streaming regeneration" of the
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organism, analogous to the progressive creation of Lamarck's view. G. Zajicek has demonstrated an orderly
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"streaming" renewal in several organs, and even the oocytes (which in the Weismannian dogma were formed at a
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very early stage during embryonic development, and were perfectly isolated from the cells of the mature
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body) have recently been shown to be continually regenerated in adult ovaries.
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</p>
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<p>
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"Stem" cells turn out to be ubiquitous, and the failure of regeneration and restoration seems to be
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situational. In the 1950s a magazine article described the regeneration of a finger-tip when the wound was
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kept enclosed. Decades later, friends (one a child, the other a man in his forties) had accidental
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amputations of a finger-tip, down to the cuticle so that no visible nail remained. The boy's mother fitted
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his finger with the tube from a ballpoint pen, and the man used an aluminum cigar tube as his "bandage."
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Within a few weeks, their fingers had regenerated to their normal shape and length. I think the closed
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environment allows the healing tissues to be exposed to a high concentration of carbon dioxide, in
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equilibrium with the carbon dioxide in the capillaries, and to a humid atmosphere, regulated by the osmotic
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or vapor pressure of the living tissues.
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</p>
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<p>
|
|
Under ordinary conditions, the creation of cells and the dissolution of cells should be exactly balanced.
|
|
The coordination of these processes requires a high degree of coherence in the organism.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Simple increase of water in the vicinity of a cell increases its tendency to multiply, as well as its
|
|
excitability, and hypertonicity restrains cell division, and reduces excitability. Carbon dioxide, besides
|
|
helping proteins to release water, appears to increase the ability of proteins and cells to respond to
|
|
morphogenetic fields. Carbon dioxide is the most universal agent of relaxation, restoration, and
|
|
preservation of the ability of cells to respond to signals. Progesterone is another very general agent of
|
|
restorative inhibition.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The study of regeneration and "stem cells" is helping to illuminate the general process of aging, and to
|
|
provide very practical solutions for specific degenerative diseases, as well as providing a context for more
|
|
appropriate treatment of traumatic tissue injury.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
In aging, the growth and regenerative processes are slowed. There is some evidence that even cell death is
|
|
slower in old age, at least in some tissues. Since animals with the highest metabolic rate live the longest,
|
|
the slowing rate of metabolism during aging probably accounts for those changes in the rate of cell renewal.
|
|
The continually streaming regeneration of tissues is part of the adaptive process, and it is probably
|
|
intensified by stress.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The ability to sleep deeply decreases in old age, as a generalized inflammatory, excitatory state of stress
|
|
develops. With progressive weakening of restorative cellular relaxation (inhibition), cells become more
|
|
susceptible to disintegration. It's well established that bone loss occurs almost entirely during the night,
|
|
and since the catabolic hormones generally affect soft tissues as well as bones, the atrophy of soft tissues
|
|
("sarcopenia") of aging is also probably a process that occurs mostly during the night. Mediators of
|
|
inflammation are at their highest during the night (Cutolo and Masi, 2005). But during the period of growth,
|
|
the length of bones seems to increase mostly during the night (Noonan, et al., 2004). My interpretation of
|
|
this is that the stress of darkness accelerates biological processes, whether the process is mainly
|
|
constructive or mainly destructive.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The effect of light supports efficient oxidative energy production, which supports the protective inhibitory
|
|
processes, by increasing ATP and CO2, and decreases the inflammatory mediators that intensify stress. If
|
|
organized cellular luminescence is required for a proper balance, then the random luminescence produced by
|
|
lipid peroxidation (which may be more intense at night--Diaz-Munoz, et al., 1985), might be an important
|
|
factor in disrupting the balanced streaming of regeneration. Free radicals, whatever their source, absorb a
|
|
broad spectrum of radiation, and would block luminous signals of all frequencies. Isoprene, produced mainly
|
|
at night (Cailleux and Allain, 1989), is another ultraviolet absorber that might account for nocturnal
|
|
regulatory disorders.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The age pigment, lipofuscin, is known to contribute to degenerative diseases, but the nature of its toxicity
|
|
has never been established. Its absorptive and fluorescent properties would be very likely to interfere with
|
|
mitogenetic and morphogenetic radiation. Polyunsaturated fats are the main component of lipofuscin, and
|
|
these fats in themselves can absorb ultraviolet light. When those fats are present in the skin, exposure to
|
|
ultraviolet light accelerates the aging of the skin. Free fatty acids often increase during the night, under
|
|
the influence of hormones such as adrenaline and growth hormone.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
A single night of poor sleep probably causes significant anatomical damage to the streaming cellular systems
|
|
that will be repaired over the next few days if a high level of energy metabolism can be combined with a
|
|
sufficient amount of deep sleep. The things that optimize energy and sleep form the background for
|
|
supporting the restorative processes. Salt, glycine, carbon dioxide, progesterone, thyroid hormone and sugar
|
|
all contribute to preserving the organism's energetic reserves by reducing inappropriate excitation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Lamarck's idea that organs developed or regressed according to their use or disuse was often attacked by
|
|
followers of the Weismann-Morgan genetic dogma. In their view, the influence of the environment was limited
|
|
to either preventing or permitting the realization of "the genetic potential." Once that predefined
|
|
potential had been unfolded, the finite and mortal nature of the somatic cells didn't allow for any
|
|
significant changes, except for depletion and death. One of the high points of Weismannian biology came with
|
|
the publication of an article in Science, around 1970, that proposed to explain learning in terms of the
|
|
lifelong loss of brain cells, beginning in humans around the age of 18 months, with a daily loss of 100,000
|
|
cells, which would record experience by selective deletion, the way punching holes in cards had been used to
|
|
enter data into computers. I was present to witness "world class biologists" taking that idea very
|
|
seriously.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
As Sturtevant mentioned in the quotation above, T.H. Morgan couldn't accept any attribution of
|
|
purposefulness to organisms. In his genetic dogma, changes were only random, and people who denied that were
|
|
denounced as "teleological" (or metaphysical) thinkers. Changes occurred by deletion, not by meaningful
|
|
addition.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
One of Pavlov's students, P.K. Anokhin, developed the concept of the Functional System in the 1930s, to
|
|
explain the purposive behavior of animals. In the 1950s, Anokhin integrated the endocrinology of stress and
|
|
adaptation into the concept, and F.Z. Meerson continued the work, concentrating on the metabolic and
|
|
structural changes that protect the heart during stress. The simplest view of the conditional reflex
|
|
involves the adaptation of an animal to an external signal, identifying it as the occasion for a particular
|
|
action. Analyzing the Functional System starts with the need of the animal, for example for food, and
|
|
examines the processes that are involved in satisfying that need, including nerve cells, a sense of hunger,
|
|
knowledge of what things are edible, the muscles needed to get the food, and the digestive apparatus for
|
|
assimilating it.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
When an understanding of stress physiology is combined with the idea of functional systems, the adaptive
|
|
meaning of the use or disuse of certain organs is given a concrete basis. Cortisol mobilizes amino acids
|
|
from muscles that are idle, and makes them available for the synthesis of proteins in the muscles, nerves,
|
|
or glands that are activated in adapting to the stress. The London taxi drivers whose hippocampus grows as
|
|
they learn the locations of the streets are very good examples of the processes described by Meerson,
|
|
Anokhin, and Lamarck, in which the use of an organ in meeting a need contributes to the development of that
|
|
organ. The balance between growth and regression is shifted during adaptive behavior.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Exercise physiologists, without mentioning functional systems, have recently discovered some principles that
|
|
extend the discoveries of Meerson and Anokhin. They found that "concentric" contraction, that is, causing
|
|
the muscle to contract against resistance, improves the muscle's function, without injuring it. (Walking up
|
|
a mountain causes concentric contractions to dominate in the leg muscles. Walking down the mountain injures
|
|
the muscles, by stretching them, forcing them to elongate while bearing a load; they call that eccentric
|
|
contraction.) Old people, who had extensively damaged mitochondrial DNA, were given a program of concentric
|
|
exercise, and as their muscles adapted to the new activity, their mitochondrial DNA was found to have become
|
|
normal.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
There are probably the equivalents of constructive "concentric" activity and destructively stressful
|
|
"eccentric" activity in the brain. For example, "rote learning" is analogous to eccentric muscle
|
|
contraction, and learning by asking questions is "concentric." "No bird soars too high, if he soars with his
|
|
own wings." Any activity that seems "programmed" probably stifles cellular energy and cellular intelligence.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
When activity is meaningful, and is seen to be meeting a felt need, the catabolic and anabolic systems
|
|
support and strengthen the components of the functional system that has been activated. Everything we do has
|
|
an influence on the streaming renewal of the adaptive living substance.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
There are many therapeutic techniques that could be improved by organized research, for example,
|
|
investigating the interactions of increasing carbon dioxide, reducing atmospheric pressure, supplementing
|
|
combinations of salt and other minerals, balancing amino acids and sugars, and varying light exposure and
|
|
types of activity. The dramatic results that have occasionally been demonstrated (and then suppressed and
|
|
forgotten) are just a hint of the possibilities.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If we keep our thoughts on the living substance, the pervasive ideologies lose their oppressive power.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p><h3>REFERENCES</h3></p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Chronobiol Int. 2004;21(6):937-47. <strong>Postprandial metabolic profiles following meals and snacks eaten
|
|
during simulated night and day shift work.</strong>
|
|
<hr />
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Anokhin P.K. <strong><em>System mechanisms of higher nervous activity.</em></strong>
|
|
Moscow, Nauka, 1979. (In Russian).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Life Sci. 1989;44(24):1877-80. <strong>Isoprene and sleep.</strong> Cailleux A, Allain P. Isoprene is one of
|
|
the main constituents of endogenous origin in exhaled human breath. The concentration of isoprene seems to
|
|
vary with states of sleep and wakefulness, <strong>increasing during sleep and decreasing sharply just after
|
|
awakening.</strong> Thus, isoprene may be involved in in sleep upholding.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Exp Neurol. 1978 May 15;60(1):41-55. Evidence of normal mitosis with complete cytokinesis in central nervous
|
|
system neurons during sustained depolarization with ouabain. Cone CD Jr, Cone CM.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Nat New Biol. 1973 Nov 28;246(152):110-1. Stimulation of DNA synthesis in CNS neurones by sustained
|
|
depolarisation. Stillwell EF, Cone CM, Cone CD Jr.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1971 Mar;46(3):655-63. Intercellular transfer of toxic components after laser
|
|
irradiation. May JF, Rounds DE, Cone CD.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
J Theor Biol. 1971 Jan;30(1):151-81. <strong>Unified theory on the basic mechanism of normal mitotic control
|
|
and oncogenesis.</strong> Cone CD Jr.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Oncology. 1971;25(2):168-82. <strong>Control of somatic cell mitosis by simulated changes in the
|
|
transmembrane potential level.</strong> Cone CD Jr, Tongier M Jr.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Acta Cytol. 1969 Oct;13(10):576-82. <strong>Autosynchrony and self-induced mitosis in sarcoma cell
|
|
networks.</strong> Cone CD Jr.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;339:115-31. <strong>Ionically mediated induction of mitogenesis in CNS
|
|
neurons.</strong> Cone CD Jr.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Science. 1976 Apr 9;192(4235):155-8. <strong>Induction of mitosis in mature neurons in central nervous
|
|
system by sustained depolarization.</strong> Cone CD Jr, Cone CM. DNA synthesis and mitosis have been
|
|
induced in vitro in fully differentiated neurons from the central nervous system by depolarization with a
|
|
variety of agents that produce a sustained rise in the intracellular sodium ion concentration and a decrease
|
|
in the potassium ion concentration. Depolarization was followed in less than 1 hour by an increase in RNA
|
|
synthesis and in 3 hours by initiation of DNA synthesis. Apparently normal nuclear mitosis ensued, but
|
|
cytokinesis was not completed in most cells; this resulted in the formation of binucleate neurons. The
|
|
daughter nuclei each contained the same amount of DNA as the diploid preinduction parental neurons; this
|
|
implies that true mitogenic replication was induced.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;238:420-35. <strong>The role of the surface electrical transmembrane potential in
|
|
normal and malignant mitogenesis</strong>. Cone CD Jr.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;238:451-6. <strong>Panel discussion: The role of electrical potential at the cellular
|
|
level in growth and development.</strong> Becker RO, Cone CD, Jaffe LF, Parsegian VA, Pohl HA, Weiss L.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
J Cell Physiol. 1973 Dec;82(3):373-86. <strong>Contact inhibition of division: involvement of the electrical
|
|
transmembrane potential.</strong> Cone CD Jr, Tongier M Jr.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
J Theor Biol. 1971 Jan;30(1):183-94. <strong>Maintenance of mitotic homeostasis in somatic cell
|
|
populations.</strong> Cone CD Jr.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Oncology. 1970;24(6):438-70. <strong>Variation of the transmembrane potential level as a basic mechanism of
|
|
mitosis control.</strong> Cone CD Jr.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Trans N Y Acad Sci. 1969 Apr;31(4):404-27. <strong>Electroosmotic interactions accompanying mitosis
|
|
initation in sarcoma cells in vitro.
|
|
</strong>
|
|
Cone CD Jr.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Feb;31(1):115-29, ix-x. <strong>Circadian rhythms and arthritis.
|
|
</strong>Cutolo M, Masi AT.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Neuroscience. 1985 Dec;16(4):859-63. <strong>Day-night cycle of lipid peroxidation in rat cerebral cortex
|
|
and their relationship to the glutathione cycle and superoxide dismutase activity.</strong> Diaz-Munoz
|
|
M, Hernandez-Munoz R, Suarez J, Chagoya de Sanchez V. Lipoperoxidation, glutathione cycle components and
|
|
superoxide dismutase activity show a day-night rhythm in the cerebral cortex of the rat. <strong>The highest
|
|
lipoperoxidative activity is observed during the night (20.00-04.00 h).
|
|
</strong>
|
|
The enhancement in lipoperoxidation occurs concurrently with a decrease in glutathione peroxidase activity,
|
|
an increase in superoxide dismutase activity and an increase in the double bonds in the brain cortex lipid
|
|
fraction. The changes described in this paper seem to be related to a succession of light and dark periods,
|
|
or to fasting and feeding periods. We propose that those fluctuations could act as a physiological
|
|
oscillator with an important role in modulating the membrane properties of the nerve cell.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Brain Res. 1977 Mar 4;123(1):137-45. <strong>Daily variations of various parameters of serotonin metabolism
|
|
in the rat brain.</strong>
|
|
<strong>II. Circadian variations in serum and cerebral tryptophan levels: lack of correlation with 5-HT
|
|
turnover.
|
|
</strong>Hery F, Chouvet G, Kan JP, Pujol JF, Glowinski J. Rats submitted to regular 12 h cycles of light
|
|
and darkness for three weeks were sacrificed at various times of the day. 5-HT, 5-HIAA and tryptophan levels
|
|
were estimated in the fronto-parietal cerebral cortex. Tyrosine and free and total tryptophan levels in
|
|
serum were estimated in parallel. Significant circadian variations in 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were found in
|
|
cerebral tissues. The peaks of 5-HIAA levels were dectected during the lignt and dark periods respectively,
|
|
the maximal fluctuations being seen between 17.00 h and 21.00 h, two times separating the light off.
|
|
Important significant circadian variations in free and total <strong>serum tryptophan</strong> levels were
|
|
also observed<strong>. In both cases, the maximal levels were found during the middle of the dark
|
|
phase</strong> after the peak of 5-HIAA levels. The circadian rhythm of tyrosine levels in serum was in
|
|
opposite phase with that of tryptophan (free or total). The diurnal changes in tryptophan content in
|
|
cerebral tissues seemed thus related to those found in serum. Taking in consideration results obtained in
|
|
previous studies 16,17 carried out in similar experimental conditions, it was concluded that the parallel
|
|
increase in serum free tryptophan and in tissues 5-HIAA levels seen during the night were not related to a
|
|
stimulation of 5-HT turnover. Indeed 5-HT synthesis is minimal at this time16.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Kryukov V.I. <strong>An attention model based on the principle of dominanta</strong>
|
|
<strong>
|
|
// <em>Proceedings in Nonlinear Science. Neurocomputers and Attention. I: Neurobiology, Synchronization,
|
|
and Chaos.</em></strong> 1989. Ed. by A.Y. Holden and V.I. Kryukov, pp. 319-351.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Endocrinol Exp. 1976 Jun;10(2):131-7. <strong>Diurnal variation in the effect of melatonin on plasma and
|
|
muscle free fatty acid levels in the pigeon.</strong> John TM, George JC. Pigeons maintained on standard
|
|
diet and held under 12 h daily photo-period in a controlled environmental room, were given intravenous
|
|
injections of melatonin. A low dose (1.25 mg/kg body weight) of melatonin when given in the middle of the
|
|
scotophase, produced a significant increase in plasma FFA when estimated at 20 min and 90 min
|
|
post-injection, whereas no significant change was seen with injections given in the middle of the
|
|
photophase. No significant change in muscle FFA level was obtained either during the photophase or the
|
|
scotophase when estimated at 90 min postinjection. <strong>With a higher dose (5 mg/kg body weight) of
|
|
melatonin given in the scotophase, on the other hand, a significant increase in both plasma as well as
|
|
muscle FFA levels was obtained at 90 min post-injection but there was no effect on plasma FFA at 20 min
|
|
or 90 min</strong> post-injection in the photophase and at 20 min in the scotophase. It is concluded
|
|
that <strong>
|
|
melatonin has a lipid mobilizing action in the pigeon when administered during the scotophase.</strong>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Exp Brain Res. 2001 Feb;136(3):313-20. <strong>Enhanced neurogenesis after transient global ischemia in the
|
|
dentate gyrus of the rat.</strong> Kee NJ, Preston E, Wojtowicz JM. "Certain insults such as epileptic
|
|
seizures and ischemia are known to enhance the rate of neuronal production. We analyzed this phenomenon
|
|
using the temporary occlusion of the two carotid arteries combined with arterial hypotension as a method to
|
|
induce ischemia in rats. We measured the rate of cell production and their state of differentiation with a
|
|
mitotic indicator, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), in combination with the immunohistochemical detection of
|
|
neuronal markers. One week after the ischemic episode, the cell production in dentate gyrus was increased
|
|
two- to threefold more than the basal level seen in control animals. <strong>
|
|
Two weeks after ischemia, over 60% of these cells became young neurons as determined by colabeling with
|
|
BrdU and a cytoplasmic protein (CRMP-4) involved in axonal guidance during development. Five weeks after
|
|
the ischemia, over 60% of new neurons expressed calbindin, a calcium-binding protein normally expressed
|
|
in mature granule neurons.</strong> In addition to more cells being generated, a greater proportion of
|
|
all new cells remained in the differentiated but not fully mature state during the 2- to 5-week period after
|
|
ischemia." "The results support the hypothesis that survival of dentate gyrus after ischemia is linked with
|
|
enhanced neurogenesis. Additional physiological stimulation after ischemia may be exploited to stimulate
|
|
maturation of new neurons and to offer new therapeutic strategies for promoting recovery of neuronal
|
|
circuitry in the injured brain."
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Am J Cardiol. 1998 Dec 17;82(12A):24U-28U; discussion 39U-41U. <strong>Clinical profiles of plain versus
|
|
sustained-release niacin (Niaspan) and the physiologic rationale for nighttime dosing.</strong> Knopp
|
|
RH. Niacin is the oldest and most versatile agent in use for the treatment of dyslipidemia. It has
|
|
beneficial effects on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; the
|
|
apolipoproteins B and A-I constituting these fractions; triglyceride; and lipoprotein(a). Together, these
|
|
benefits lead to a diminished incidence of coronary artery disease among niacin users. The chief constraints
|
|
against niacin use have been flushing, gastrointestinal discomfort, and metabolic effects including
|
|
hepatotoxicity. Time-release niacin has been developed in part to limit flushing, and now a nighttime
|
|
formulation (Niaspan) has been developed that assists in containing this untoward effect. In a pivotal
|
|
metabolic study, bed-time administration of 1.5 g time-release niacin was shown to have the same beneficial
|
|
effects as 1.5 g plain niacin in 3 divided doses and to be well tolerated. <strong>Previous studies suggest
|
|
that bedtime niacin administration diminishes lipolysis and release of free fatty acids</strong> to the
|
|
liver; this, in turn, leads to an abolition of the usual diurnal increase in plasma triglyceride, which may
|
|
result in diminished formation and secretion of triglyceride in the very-low-density lipoprotein fraction.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
J Pediatr Orthop. 2004 Nov-Dec;24(6):726-31. <strong>Growing pains: are they due to increased growth during
|
|
recumbency as documented in a lamb model?
|
|
</strong>
|
|
Noonan KJ, Farnum CE, Leiferman EM, Lampl M, Markel MD, Wilsman NJ.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Cell Tissue Kinet. 1977 Nov;10(6):557-68. <strong>Circadian rhythms of presumptive stem cells in three
|
|
different epithelia of the mouse.</strong> Potten CS, Al-Barwari SE, Hume WJ, Searle J.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Physiol Res. 1995;44(4):249-56. <strong>Circadian and circaannual oscillations of tissue lipoperoxides in
|
|
rats.</strong> Solar P, Toth G, Smajda B, Ahlers I, Ahlersova E. Circadian and circaannual oscillations
|
|
of tissue lipid peroxides (LPO) were studied in young male Wistar rats. The concentration of
|
|
malondialdehyde, one of LPO degradation products, was measured at 3-h intervals during 24 hours in rats,
|
|
adapted to light:dark 12:12 h regimen in the course of the year. LPO in the liver, thymus and bone marrow
|
|
oscillated rhythmically in the course of the day and year. Circadian oscillations in all tissues were
|
|
two-peaked, with zeniths at various times of the light and dark parts of the day. In the liver and thymus,
|
|
<strong>the highest mesors were found during the winter</strong>, in the bone marrow during the spring. The
|
|
same holds for amplitude values, with the exception of the bone marrow which exhibited the highest values
|
|
during the summer. The reason for the LPO oscillations is probably resulting from the changing ratio of pro-
|
|
and anti-oxidative capacities in various tissues during the day and the year.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Biofizika. 1976 Jul-Aug;21(4):688-91. <strong>[Circadian rhythms of ultraweak chemiluminescence of bean
|
|
roots]</strong> Sul'tsman FM, Petrusevich IuM, Tarusov BN. Circadian rhythms of ultra-weak
|
|
chemoluminescence of bean roots were investigated. It was found that under periodical change of light and
|
|
darkness and without subsequent illumination a periodical change of spontaneous chemoluminescence of bean
|
|
roots was observed. (The study of antiradical activity of the substances extracted from the root showed the
|
|
dependence of this activity on illumination conditions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Ukr Biokhim Zh. 1977 Sep-Oct;49(5):64-9. [Effect of "carbostimulin", vitamin D 3 and their mixture on bone
|
|
tissue regeneration] [Article in Ukrainian] Taran TT, Guly MF, Mykhajlovskyj VO, Dvornykova PD, Fanak MM,
|
|
Vorobjov NA. "Healing of the bone injury in rabbits was studied as affected by carbostimulin and its mixture
|
|
with vitamin D3. Some biochemical indexes: the content of sialic acids, calcium and citric acid in blood
|
|
serum of the animals, intensity of 14C incorporation from NaH14CO3 into the regenerated bone tissue and its
|
|
proteins as well as histological studies, data, evidence for a positive effect of the mentioned preparations
|
|
on the bone substance regeneration in the animals under experiment."
|
|
</p>
|
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<p>
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Biofizika. 1961;6(4):490-2. <strong>[Study on ultra-weak spontaneous luminescence of animal cells.]</strong>
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Tarusov BN, Polivoda AI, Zhuravlev AI.
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</p>
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<p>
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Biofizika. 1961;6(4):83-5. <strong>Study of the faint spontaneous luminescence of animal cells.</strong>
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Tarusov BN, Polivoda AI, Zhuravlev AI.
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</p>
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<p>
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Vopr Med Khim. 1977 May-Jun;(3):375-81. <strong>[Free fatty acids and cholesterol as possible participants
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in lipid oxidation radical reactions in animal tissues]</strong> [Article in Russian] Terekhova SF,
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Burlakova EB, Elizarova TI. Alterations in concentration of free fatty acids, free cholesterol, native
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antioxidants as well as in the antioxidative activity were studied in lipids of mice liver tissue and small
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intestinal mucosa. The intensity of free radical reactions in lipids of animal tissues was affected directly
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|
by administration of synthetic inhibitors of the reactions. The inverse correlation was observed between the
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|
alteration in concentrations of native antioxidants and free fatty acids as well as between the
|
|
antioxidative activity of lipids and amount of free cholesterol in them. <strong>Free fatty acids appears to
|
|
be the constant participants in the system of free radical oxidation of lipids, while cholesterol can
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|
center the system under distinct level of these reactions intensity.</strong>
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|
</p>
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|
<p>
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Ukhtomsky A.A. <strong><em>Dominanta as factor of behavior // Collected works.</em></strong>
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Leningrad, 1950. Vol.1, pp.293-315.
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</p>
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<p>
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Biofizika. 1974 Mar-Apr;19(2):295-9.<strong>
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[Formation of pigments of lipid nature in animal tissues during neoplastic growth and irradiation]
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</strong>
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Vertushkov VT, Ivanov II, Tarusov BN.
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</p>
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<p>
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Biofizika. 1967 Jul-Aug;12(4):739-41. <strong>[Antioxidative activity of blood serum fractions during
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malignant degeneration studied by inhibition of chemiluminescence]
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</strong>
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Zakarian AE, Tarusov BN.
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</p>
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<p>
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Biofizika. 1966;11(5):919-21. <strong>[Inhibition of chemiluminescence of the blood plasma in malignant
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growth]</strong> [Article in Russian] Zakarian AE, Tarusov BN.
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</p>
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<p>
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