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<h1 lang="en">Caffeine: A vitamin-like nutrient, or adaptogen</h1>
<h1 lang="de">Koffein: ein vitamin-ähnlicher Nährstoff, oder Adaptogen</h1>
<p>
<span lang="en"><strong>Questions about tea and coffee, cancer and other degenerative diseases, and the hormones.</strong></span>
<span lang="de"><strong>Fragen zu Tee und Kaffee, Krebs und anderen degenerativen Krankheiten, sowie zu den Hormonen.</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
There is a popular health-culture that circulates mistaken ideas about
nutrition, and coffee drinking has been a perennial target of this culture. It
is commonly said that coffee is a drug, not a food, and that its drug action
is harmful, and that this harm is not compensated by any nutritional benefit.
Most physicians subscribe to most of these "common sense" ideas about coffee,
and form an authoritative barrier against the assimilation of scientific
information about coffee.
</span>
<span lang="de">
Es gibt eine sehr beliebte "Gesundheitskultur", die irrtümliche Ideen über Ernährung verbreitet, und der
Kaffeekonsum ist immerwährend ein Angriffsziel dieser Kultur.
Es heißt häufig, dass Kaffee eine Droge und kein Lebensmittel wäre, und dass seine Drogenwirkung schädlich wäre,
was keineswegs durch irgendwelchen nahrhaften Mehrwert ausgeglichen wird.
Die meisten Ärzte vetreten die meisten dieser Ideen, die zum "gesunden Menschenverstand" gehörten, und bilden
eine Art autoritäre Barriere gegen die Aufnahme wissenschaftlicher Informationen zu Kaffee.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">I think it would be good to reconsider coffee"s place in the diet and in health care.</span>
<span lang="de">Ich glaube, es wäre gut zu überdenken, welche Stelle Kaffee in der Ernährung und im Gesundheitswesen einnimmt.</span>
</p>
<p>
<li>
<span lang="en"><strong>Coffee drinkers have a lower incidence of thyroid disease, including cancer, than non-drinkers.</strong></span>
<span lang="de"><strong>Kaffeetrinker leiden seltener unter Schilddrüsenkrankheiten, darunter Krebs, als Nichttrinker.</strong></span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en">
<strong>Caffeine protects the liver from alcohol and acetaminophen (Tylenol) and
other toxins, and coffee drinkers are less likely than people who don"t use
coffee to have elevated serum enzymes and other indications of liver
damage.</strong>
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Koffein schützt die Leber vor Alkohol und <span class="check">Acetaminophen (Tylenol)</span>
und anderen Giftstoffen, und erhöhte Serumenzymwerte und andere Inidizien einer Leberschädigung sind bei Kaffeetrinkern seltener als Nichttrinkern.</strong>
</span
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en"><strong>Caffeine protects against cancer caused by radiation, chemical carcinogens,
viruses, and estrogens.</strong></span>
<span lang="de"><strong>Koffein schützt vor Krebsarten, die durch chemische Krebserreger, Viren, und Östrogene verursacht werden.</strong></span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en"><strong>Caffeine synergizes with progesterone, and increases its concentration in
blood and tissues.</strong></span>
<span lang="de"><strong>Koffein weist eine Synergie mit Progesteron auf und erhöht dessen Konzentration im Blut und sowie im Gewebe.</strong></span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en"><strong>Cystic breast disease is not caused by caffeine, in fact caffeine"s effects
are likely to be protective; a variety of studies show that coffee, tea, and
caffeine are protective against breast cancer.</strong></span>
<span lang="de"><strong><span class="check">Mastopathie</span> wird nicht durch Koffein verursacht. Koffein wirkt wohlmöglich schützend; eine Vielzahl von Studien zeigt, dass Kaffee, Tee, und Koffein vor Brustkrebs schützen.</strong></span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en">
<strong>Coffee provides very significant quantities of magnesium, as well as other nutrients including vitamin B1.</strong>
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Kaffee liefert sehr hohe Mengen von Magnesium sowie anderen Nährstoffen wie Vitamin B1.</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en"><strong>Caffeine "improves efficiency of fuel use" and performance: JC Wagner 1989.</strong></span>
<span lang="de"><strong>Koffein "erhöht die Nutzungseffezienz von Brennstoffen" und die Leistung: JC Wagner 1989.</strong></span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en">
<strong>Coffee drinkers have a low incidence of suicide.</strong>
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Kaffeetrinker haben eine geringere Suizidrate.</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en">
<strong>Caffeine supports serotonin uptake in nerves, and inhibits blood platelet aggregation.</strong>
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Koffein begünstigt die Aufnahme von Serotonin in die Nerven und hemmt die Thrombozytenaggregation.</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en">
<strong>Coffee drinkers have been found to have lower cadmium in tissues; coffee making removes heavy metals from water.</strong>
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Es wurde beobachtet, dass Kaffeetrinker weniger Cadmium im Gewebe haben; die Zubereitung von Kaffee entfernt Schwermetalle aus Wasser.</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en">
<strong>Coffee inhibits iron absorption if taken with meals, helping to prevent iron overload.</strong>
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Kaffee hemmt die Aufnahme von Eisen, wenn es zusammen mit einer Mahlzeit getrunken wird, was vor Eisenüberlastung schützen kann.</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en">
<strong>Caffeine, like niacin, inhibits apoptosis, protecting against stress-induced cell death, without interfering with normal cell turnover.</strong>
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Koffein, wie Niacin, hemmt die Apoptose. So schützt es vor dem durch Stress verursachten Zelltod, ohne den normalen Zellumsatz zu stören.</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en">
<strong>Caffeine can prevent nerve cell death.</strong>
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Koffein kann den Zelltod der Nerven verhindern.</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en">
<strong>Coffee (or caffeine) prevents Parkinson"s Disease (Ross, et al., 2000).</strong>
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Kaffee (bzw. Koffein) schützt vor Parkinson (Ross, et al., 2000).</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en">
<strong>The prenatal growth retardation that can be caused by feeding large amounts of caffeine is prevented by supplementing the diet with sugar.</strong>
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Die vorgeburtliche Wachstumsverzögerung, die durch eine hohe Zufuhr von Koffein verursacht werden kann, kann verhindert werden, wenn die Ernährung durch ausreichend Zucker ergänzt wird.</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en">
<strong>Caffeine stops production of free radicals by inhibiting xanthine oxidase, an important factor in tissue stress.</strong>
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Durch die Hemmung des Enzyms Xanthinoxidase hält Koffein die Produktion von freien Radikalen auf.</strong>
</span>
</li>
<li>
<span lang="en">
<strong>Caffeine lowers serum potassium following exercise; stabilizes platelets, reducing thromboxane production.</strong>
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Koffein senkt das Kalium im Blut nach sportlichen Aktivitäten; es stabilisiert die Blutplättchen und hemmt dadurch die Produktion von Thromboxan.</strong>
</span>
</li>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
One definition of a vitamin is that it is an organic chemical found in foods,
the lack of which <em>causes</em> a specific
<em>disease,</em> or group of diseases. A variety of
substances that have been proposed to be vitamins haven"t been recognized as
being essential, and some substances that aren"t essential are sometimes
called vitamins. Sometimes these issues haven"t had enough scientific
investigation, but often nonscientific forces regulate nutritional ideas.
</span>
<span lang="de">
Eine Definition eines Vitamins ist, dass ein organisches Molekül ist, das sich in Nahrungsmitteln vorfindet,
dessen Mangel die <em>Ursache</em> einer gewissen <em>Krankheit</em> bzw. einer
Reihe von Krankheiten ist. Eine Vielzahl von Substanzen, die als Vitamin vorgeschlagen wurden, wurde nicht als
lebensnotwendig erkannt. Umgekehrt werden einige nicht lebensnotwendige Substanzen manchmal Vitamine genannt.
Manchmal sind diese Themen nicht ausreichend erforscht, aber Ideen über die Ernährung werden oft von
nicht-wissenschaftlichen Mächten reguliert.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
The definition of "a disease" isn"t as clear as text-book writers have
implied, and "causality" in biology is always more complex than we like to
believe.
</span>
<span lang="de">
Die Definition einer "Krankheit" ist nicht so klar, wie es den Lehrbüchern nach manchmal erscheinen mag, und
Kausalität in der Biologie ist immer komplexer als wir glauben möchten.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
Nutrition is one of the most important sciences, and should certainly be as
prestigious and well financed as astrophysics and nuclear physics, but while
people say "it doesn"t take a brain surgeon to figure that out," no one says
"it doesn"t take a nutritionist to understand that." Partly, that"s because
medicine treated scientific nutrition as an illegitimate step-child, and
refused throughout the 20th century to recognize that it is a central part of
scientific health care. In the 1970s, physicians and dietitians were still
ridiculing the idea that vitamin E could prevent or cure diseases of the
circulatory system, and babies as well as older people were given "total
intravenous nutrition" which lacked nutrients that are essential to life,
growth, immunity, and healing. Medicine and science are powerfully
institutionalized, but no institution or profession has existed for the
purpose of encouraging people to act reasonably.
</span>
<span lang="de">
Die Ernährungswissenschaft ist eine der wichtigsten Naturwissenschaften und sollte gewiss das Prestige
und die Finanzierung erhalten wie die Astro- oder Kernphysik. Doch obwohl es im Englischen oft gesagt wird,
dass "man kein Raketenforscher sein muss, um das zu verstehen", ist hier nie die Rede von einem
Ernährungswissenschaftler. Das liegt teilweise daran, dass die Ernährungswissenschaft von der Medizin wie ein
uneheliches Stiefkind behandelt wurde, und im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts weigerte man sich, sie als
zentraler Teil des wissenschaftlichen Gesundheitswesens anzuerkennen. Ärzte und Ernährungsberater verpotteten
noch bis in die 1970er die Idee, dass Vitamin E Herzkreislauferkrankungen vorbeugen oder sie sogar heilen
könnte, und Säuglinge sowie ältere Menschen bekamen "totale parentale Ernährung", denen Nährstoffe fehlte, die
fürs Leben, das Wachstum, die Immunität und Heilung notwendig sind. Die Medizin und die Naturwissenschaften sind
stark institutionalisiert, aber es gab bislang weder eine Institution noch einen Beruf, der zu dem Zweck
existierte, rationales Handeln zu fördern.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
In this environment, most people have felt that subtleties of definition,
logic and evidence weren"t important for nutrition, and a great amount of
energy has gone into deciding whether there were "four food groups" or "seven
food groups" or a "nutritional pyramid." The motives behind governmental and
quasi-governmental nutrition policies usually represent something besides a
simple scientific concern for good health, as when health care institutions
say that Mexican babies should begin eating beans when they reach the age of
six months, or that non-whites don"t need milk after they are weaned. In a
culture that discourages prolonged breast feeding, the effects of these
doctrines can be serious.
</span>
<span lang="de">
In diesem Umfeld hatten die meisten Leute den Eindruck, dass die Feinheiten von Definitionen, Logik und
Beweisen nicht wichtig für die Ernährungswissenschaft sind, und es wurde sehr viel Energie investiert, um zu
entscheiden, ob es entweder "vier Lebensmittelgruppen" oder sieben gibt, oder sogar eine "Ernährungspyramide".
Die Motivationen, die hinter staatlicher bzw. pseudo-staatlicher Ernährungspolitik stecken, stellen
normalerweise etwas anderes außer einfachem wissentschaftlichen Interesse für gute Gesundheit dar. So wird
beispielweise behauptet, dass mexikanische Säuglinge nach dem Alter von sechs Monaten anfangen sollten, Bohnen
zu essen, oder dass Nichtweiße keine Milch bräuchten, nachdem sie abgestillt wurden. In einer Kultur, die vor
verlängertem Stillen abrät, können die Folgen solcher Doktrinen ernste Konsequenzen mit sich tragen.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
After a century of scientific nutrition, public nutritional policies are doing
approximately as much harm as good, and they are getting worse faster than
they are getting better..
</span>
<span lang="de">
Nach einem Jahrhundert Ernährungswissenschaft sorgt die öffentliche Ernährungspolitik für ungefähr genauso viel
Schaden wie Nutzen und sie wird schneller schlimmer, als dass sie besser wird.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
In this culture, what we desperately need is a recognition of the complexity
of life, and of the political-ecological situation we find ourselves in. Any
thinking which isn"t "system thinking" should be treated with caution, and
most contemporary thinking about health neglects to consider relevant parts of
the problem-system. "Official" recommendations about salt, cholesterol, iron,
unsaturated and saturated fats, and soybeans have generally been
inappropriate, unscientific, and strongly motivated by business interests
rather than by biological knowledge.
</span>
<span lang="de">
Das, was wir in dieser Kultur dringend nötig haben, ist eine Anerkennung der Komplexität des Lebens, und der
politisch-ökologischen Situation, in der wir uns befinden. Jegliches Denken, das kein "Systemdenken" ist,
sollte man mit Vorbehalt betrachten und der Großteil zeitgenössischer Gedanken zur Gesundheit beachtet
relevante Teile des Problem-Systems nicht. "Offizielle" Ratschläge zu Salz, Cholesterin, Eisen, gesättigten und
ungesättigten Fetten, und Sojabohnen waren bisher in der Regel unangemessen, unwissenschaftlich, und wurden
stark durch geschäftliche Interessen statt biologisches Wissen motiviert.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
Definitions have rarely distinguished clearly between nutrients and drugs, and
new commercial motives are helping to further blur the distinctions.
</span>
<span lang="de">
Manche Definitionen unterscheiden nicht klar zwischen Nährstoffen und Drogen, und wirtschaftliche Motiven
sorgen dafür, dass die Unterschiede weiter verschwimmen.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
<strong
>Essential nutrients, defensive (detoxifying, antistress) nutrients,
hormone-modulating nutrients, self-actualization nutrients, growth
regulating nutrients, structure modifiers, life extension agents,
transgenerationally active (imprinting)</strong>
<strong>nutrients--</strong>the line between nutrients and biological
modifiers often depends on the situation. Vitamins D and A clearly have
hormone-like properties, and vitamin E"s effects, and those of many terpenoids
and steroids and bioflavonoids found in foods, include hormone-like actions as
well as antioxidant and pro-oxidant functions. The concept of "adaptogen" can
include things that act like both drugs and nutrients.
</span>
<span lang="de">
<strong>Lebensnotwendige Nährstoffe, defensive (entgiftende, stresshemmende) Nährstoffe,
hormon-modulierende Nährstoffe, Nährstoffe zur Selbstverwirklichung, wachstumsregulierende Nährstoffe,
Strukturmodifikatoren, Lebensverlängerungswirkstoffe, transgenerationell aktive (prägende) Nährstoffe -
</strong> die Grenze zwischen Nährstoffen und biologischen Modifikatoren hängt oft von der Situation ab. Die
Vitmaine D und A haben klare hormon-ähnliche Eigenschaften, und zu den Wirkungen von Vitamin E sowie mehreren
anderen Terpenoiden, Steroiden, und Bioflavonoiden in Lebensmitteln zählen hormon-ähnliche sowie antioxidative
und pro-oxidative Funktionen. Das Konzept eines "Adaptogens" kann Dinge umfassen, die sich wie sowohl Drogen
als auch Nährstoffe verhalten.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
Some studies have suggested that trace amounts of nutrients could be passed on
for a few generations, but the evidence now indicates that these
transgenerational effects are caused by phenomena such as "imprinting." But
the hereditary effects of nutrients are so complex that their recognition
would force nutrition to be recognized as one of the most complex sciences,
interwoven with the complexities of growth and development.
</span>
<span lang="de">
Einige Studien legten nahe, dass Spuren von Nährstoffen über einige Generationen hinweg weitergegeben werden können,
aber die Beweislage zeigt nun, dass diese transgenerationellen Effekte ihren Ursprung in Phänomenen wie
"Prägung" haben. Aber die vererbten Wirkungen von Nährstoffen sind so komplex, dass ihre Anerkennung dafür
sorgen würde, dass die Ernährungswissenschaft als eine der komplexesten Naturwissenschaften anerkannt werden müsste;
eine Wissenschaft, die mit den Komplexitäten von Wachstum und Entwicklung eng verflochten ist.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
The idea that poor nutrition stunts growth has led to the idea that good
nutrition can be defined in terms of the rate of growth and the size
ultimately reached. In medicine, it is common to refer to an obese specimen as
"well nourished," as if quantity of food and quantity of tissue were
necessarily good things. But poisons can stimulate growth ("hormesis"), and
food restriction can extend longevity.
<strong
>We still have to determine basic things such as the optimal rate of growth,
and the optimal size.</strong
>
</span>
<span lang="de">
Die Idee, dass schlechte Ernährung das Wachstum hemmt, führte zur Idee, dass gute Ernährung anhand der
Wachstumsrate und der schließlich erreichten Größe definiert werden kann. In der Medizin ist es gewöhnlich, ein
adipöses Exemplar als "gut ernährt" zu bezeichnen, als wäre diese Menge von Essen und Gewebe zwangsläufig etwas
gutes. Aber Giftstoffe können das Wachstum fördern ("Hormesis") und Lebensmittelbeschränkung kann das Leben
verlängern.
<strong>Noch müssen wir grundlegende Sachen bestimmen wie die optimale Wachstumsrate und die optimale Größe.</strong>
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
Nutrition textbooks flatly describe caffeine as a drug, not a nutrient, as if
it were obvious that nutrients can"t be drugs. Any of the essential nutrients,
if used in isolation, can be used as a drug, for a specific effect on the
organism that it wouldn"t normally have when eaten as a component of ordinary
food. And natural foods contain thousands of chemicals, other than the
essential nutrients. Many of these are called nonessential nutrients, but
their importance is being recognized increasingly. The truth is that we aren"t
sure what they "aren"t essential" for. Until we have more definite knowledge
about the organism I don"t think we should categorize things so absolutely as
drugs or nutrients.
</span>
<span lang="de">
In Lehrbüchern zur Ernährungswissenschaft wird Koffein kategorisch als Droge beschrieben, und keinen Nährstoff,
als wäre es offensichtlich, dass Nährstoffe keine Drogen sein könnten. Irgendeiner der lebensnotwendigen
Nährstoffe kann als Droge eingesetzt werden, wenn er isoliert zugeführt wird, um eine gewisse Wirkung im
Organismus zu erzielen, die er sonst nicht hätte, wenn er als Teil einer normalen Ernährung aufgenommen werden
würde. Und abgesehen von den lebensnotwendigen Nährstoffen enthalten natürliche Lebensmittel Tausende von anderen
Chemikalien. Viele werden als nicht lebensnotwendig bezeichnet, aber ihre Wichtigkeit wird zunehmend anerkannt.
Die Wahrheit ist, dass wir nicht unbedingt wissen, wofür sie "nicht lebensnotwendig" sind.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
The bad effects ascribed to coffee usually involve administering large doses
in a short period of time. While caffeine is commonly said to raise blood
pressure, this effect is slight, and may not occur during the normal use of
coffee. Experimenters typically ignore essential factors. Drinking plain water
can cause an extreme rise in blood pressure, especially in old people, and
eating a meal (containing carbohydrate) lowers blood pressure. The increased
metabolic rate caffeine produces increases the cellular consumption of
glucose, so experiments that study the effects of coffee taken on an empty
stomach are measuring the effects of increased temperature and metabolic rate,
combined with increased adrenaline (resulting from the decrease of glucose),
and so confuse the issue of caffeine"s intrinsic effects.
</span>
<span lang="de">
Die schädlichen Wirkungen, die Koffein zugeschrieben werden, treten meist in Zusammenhang mit einer Zufuhr von
sehr hohen Mengen in kurzer Zeit auf. Obwohl es häufig heißt, Koffein erhöhe den Blutdruck, ist diese
Wirkung sehr leicht, und sie könnte bei normalem Kaffeekonsum gar nicht auftreten. Forscher ignorieren
typischerweise wesentliche Faktoren. Das Trinken von einfachem Wasser kann für einen extremen Antieg des
Blutdrucks sorgen, insbesondere bei älteren Menschen, und eine Mahlzeit (mit Kohlenhydraten) kann ihn wiederum
senken. Der erhöhte Stoffwechsel, für den Koffein sorgt, steigert den zellulären Glukosekonsum. Wenn Forcher
also den Kaffekonsum auf leerem Magen erforschen, messen sie die Wirkung von erhöhter Temperatur und erhöhtem
Stoffwechsel, zusammen mit erhöhtem Adrenalin (aufgrund von dem gesunkenen Glukosespiegel), und bringen das
Verständnis der intrinsischen Wirkung von Koffein durcheinander.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
In one study (Krasil"nikov, 1975), the drugs were introduced directly into the
carotid artery to study the effects on the blood vessels in the brain.
Caffeine increased the blood volume in the brain, while decreasing the
resistance of the vessels, and this effect is what would be expected from its
stimulation of brain metabolism and the consequent increase in carbon dioxide,
which dilates blood vessels.
</span>
<span lang="de">
In einer Studie (Krasilnikov, 1975) wurden die Drogen direkt in die Karotis eingeführt, um deren Wirkung auf die
Blutgefäße und das Gehirn zu erforschen. Koffein erhöhte das Blutvolumen im Gehirn und gleichzeitig senkte es den
Gefäßwiderstand. Dieser Effekt sollte erwartet werden, wenn Koffein den Stoffwechsel im Gehirn fördert und
somit für eine Erhöhung des Kohlenstoffdioxid-Gehalts, was die Blutgefäße erweitert.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
In the whole body, increased carbon dioxide also decreases vascular
resistance, and this allows circulation to increase, while the heart"s work is
decreased, relative to the amount of blood pumped. But when the whole body"s
metabolism is increased, adequate nutrition is crucial.
</span>
<span lang="de">
Im ganzen Körper senkt Kohlenstoffdioxid auch den Gefäßwiderstand, was für eine Erhöhung des Kreislaufs sorgt.
Dabei muss das Herz weniger arbeiten, um die gleiche Menge Blut zu pumpen. Aber wenn sich der Stoffwechsel des
gesamten Körpers erhöht, ist eine angemessene Ernährung sehr wichtig.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
In animal experiments that have been used to argue that pregnant women
shouldn"t drink coffee, large doses of caffeine given to pregnant animals
retarded the growth of the fetuses. But simply giving more sucrose prevented
the growth retardation. Since caffeine tends to correct some of the metabolic
problems that could interfere with pregnancy, it is possible that rationally
constructed experiments could show benefits to the fetus from the mother"s use
of coffee, for example by lowering bilirubin and serotonin, preventing
hypoglycemia, increasing uterine perfusion and progesterone synthesis,
synergizing with thyroid and cortisol to promote lung maturation, and
providing additional nutrients.
</span>
<span lang="de">
In Tierversuchen, die als Argument benutzt werden, dass schwangere Frauen keinen Kaffee trinken sollten,
verzögerten hohe Mengen von Koffein das Wachstum der Föten. Aber die einfache Gabe von mehr Saccharose
verhinderte diese Wachstumsverzögerung. Da Koffein einige der Stoffwechselprobleme behebt, die eine
Schwangerschaft behindern könnten, ist es möglich, dass rational aufgebaute Experimente Vorteile für den Fötus
durch den Kaffeekonsum der Mutter zeigen könnten, zum Beispiel durch die Senkung von Biliburin und Serotonin,
die Verhindernung von Unterzuckerung, die Steigerung der Durchblutung der Gebärmutter und der Synthese von
Progesteron, die Synergie mit Schilddrüsenhormon und Cortisol zur Förderung der Lungenreifung, und die Zufuhr
zusätzlicher Nährstoffe.
</span>
</p>
<p>
<span lang="en">
One of the most popular misconceptions about caffeine is that it causes
fibrocystic breast disease. Several groups demonstrated pretty clearly that it
doesn"t, but there was no reason that they should have had to bother, except
for an amazingly incompetent, but highly publicized, series of
articles--classics of their kind--by J. P. Minton, of Ohio State University.
Minton neglected to notice that the healthy breast contains a high percentage
of fat, and that the inflamed and diseased breast has an increased proportion
of glandular material Fat cells have a low level of cyclic AMP, a regulatory
substance that is associated with normal cellular differentiation and
function, and is involved in mediating caffeine"s ability to inhibit cancer
cell multiplication. Minton argued that cAMP increases progressively with the
degree of breast disease, up to cancer, and that cAMP is increased by
caffeine. A variety of substances other than caffeine that inhibit the growth
of cancer cells (as well as normal breast cells) act by
<em>increasing</em> the amount of cyclic AMP, while estrogen lowers the amount
of cAMP and increases cell growth. Minton"s argument should have been to use
more caffeine, in proportion to the degree of breast disease, if he were
arguing logically from his evidence. Caffeine"s effect on the breast resembles
that of progesterone, opposing estrogen"s effects.
</span>
<span lang="de">
Einer der am weitesten verbreitenen Irrtümer über Koffein ist die Behauptung, es verursache Mastopathie.
</span>
</p>
<p>
Many studies over the last 30 years have shown caffeine to be highly
protective against all kinds of carcinogenesis, including estrogen"s
carcinogenic effects on the breast. Caffeine is now being used along with some
of the standard cancer treatments, to improve their effects or to reduce their
side effects. There are substances in the coffee berry besides caffeine that
protect against mutations and cancer, and that have shown strong therapeutic
effects against cancer. Although many plant substances are protective against
mutations and cancer, I don"t know of any that is as free of side effects as
coffee.
</p>
<p>
To talk about caffeine, it"s necessary to talk about uric acid.
<strong>
Uric acid, synthesized in the body, is both a stimulant and a very important
antioxidant, and its structure is very similar to that of caffeine.
</strong>
A deficiency of uric acid is a serious problem. Caffeine and uric acid are in
the group of chemicals called purines.
</p>
<p>
Purines (along with pyrimidines) are components of the nucleic acids, DNA and
RNA, but they have many other functions. In general, substances related to
purines are stimulants, and substances related to pyrimidines are sedatives.
</p>
<p>
When the basic purine structure is oxidized, it becomes in turn hypoxanthine,
xanthine, and uric acid, by the addition of oxygen atoms. When methyl groups
(CH<sub>3</sub>) are added to nitrogens in the purine ring, the molecule
becomes less water soluble. Xanthine (an intermediate in purine metabolism)
has two oxygen atoms, and when three methyl groups are added, it becomes
trimethyl xanthine, or caffeine. With two methyl groups, it is theophylline,
which is named for its presence in tea. We have enzyme systems which can add
and subtract methyl groups<strong>;</strong> for example, when babies are
given theophylline, they can convert it into caffeine.
</p>
<p>
We have enzymes that can modify all of the methyl groups and oxygen atoms of
caffeine and the other purine derivatives. Caffeine is usually excreted in a
modified form, for example as a methylated uric acid.
</p>
<p>
One of the ways in which uric acid functions as an "antioxidant" is by
modifying the activity of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which in stress can
become a dangerous source of free radicals. Caffeine also restrains this
enzyme. There are several other ways in which uric acid and caffeine (and a
variety of intermediate xanthines) protect against oxidative damage. Coffee
drinkers, for example, have been found to have lower levels of cadmium in
their kidneys than people who don"t use coffee, and coffee is known to inhibit
the absorption of iron by the intestine, helping to prevent iron overload.
</p>
<p>
Toxins and stressors often kill cells, for example in the brain, liver, and
immune system, by causing the cells to expend energy faster than it can be
replaced. There is an enzyme system that repairs genetic damage, called
"PARP." The activation of this enzyme is a major energy drain, and substances
that inhibit it can prevent the death of the cell. Niacin and caffeine can
inhibit this enzyme sufficiently to prevent this characteristic kind of cell
death, without preventing the normal cellular turnover<strong>;</strong> that
is, they don"t produce tumors by preventing the death of cells that aren"t
needed.
</p>
<p>
The purines are important in a great variety of regulatory processes, and
caffeine fits into this complex system in other ways that are often protective
against stress. For example, it has been proposed that tea can protect against
circulatory disease by preventing abnormal clotting, and the mechanism seems
to be that caffeine (or theophylline) tends to restrain stress-induced
platelet aggregaton.
</p>
<p>
When platelets clump, they release various factors that contribute to the
development of a clot. Serotonin is one of these, and is released by other
kinds of cell, including mast cells and basophils and nerve cells. Serotonin
produces vascular spasms and increased blood pressure, blood vessel leakiness
and inflammation, and the release of many other stress mediators. Caffeine,
besides inhibiting the platelet aggregation, also tends to inhibit the release
of serotonin, or to promote its uptake and binding.
</p>
<p>
J. W. Davis, et al., 1996, found that high uric acid levels seem to protect
against the development of Parkinson"s disease. They ascribed this effect to
uric acid"s antioxidant function. Coffee drinking, which <em>lowers</em> uric
acid levels, nevertheless appeared to be much more strongly protective against
Parkinson"s disease than uric acid.
</p>
<p>
Possibly more important than coffee"s ability to protect the health is the way
it does it. The studies that have tried to gather evidence to show that coffee
is harmful, and found the opposite, have provided insight into several
diseases. For example, coffee"s effects on serotonin are very similar to
carbon dioxide"s, and the thyroid hormone"s. Noticing that coffee drinking is
associated with a low incidence of Parkinson"s disease could focus attention
on the ways that thyroid and carbon dioxide and serotonin, estrogen, mast
cells, histamine and blood clotting interact to produce nerve cell death.
</p>
<p>
Thinking about how caffeine can be beneficial across such a broad spectrum of
problems can give us a perspective on the similarities of their underlying
physiology and biochemistry, expanding the implications of stress, biological
energy, and adaptability.
</p>
<p>
The observation that coffee drinkers have a low incidence of suicide, for
example, might be physiologically related to the large increase in suicide
rate among people who use the newer antidepressants called "serotonin reuptake
inhibitors." Serotonin excess causes several of the features of depression,
such as learned helplessness and reduced metabolic rate, while coffee
stimulates the <em>uptake</em> (inactivation or storage) of serotonin,
increases metabolic energy, and tends to improve mood. In animal studies, it
reverses the state of helplessness or despair, often more effectively than
so-called antidepressants.
</p>
<p>
The research on caffeine"s effects on blood pressure, and on the use of fuel
by the more actively metabolizing cells, hasn"t clarified its effects on
respiration and nutrition, but some of these experiments confirm things that
coffee drinkers usually learn for themselves.
</p>
<p>
Often, a woman who thinks that she has symptoms of hypoglycemia says that
drinking even the smallest amount of coffee makes her anxious and shaky.
Sometimes, I have suggested that they try drinking about two ounces of coffee
with cream or milk along with a meal. It"s common for them to find that this
reduces their symptoms of hypoglycemia, and allows them to be symptom-free
between meals. Although we don"t know exactly why caffeine improves an
athlete"s endurance, I think the same processes are involved when coffee
increases a person"s "endurance" in ordinary activities.
</p>
<p>
Caffeine has remarkable parallels to thyroid and progesterone, and the use of
coffee or tea can help to maintain their production, or compensate for their
deficiency. Women spontaneously drink more coffee premenstrually, and since
caffeine is known to increase the concentration of progesterone in the blood
and in the brain, this is obviously a spontaneous and rational form of
self-medication, though medical editors like to see things causally reversed,
and blame the coffee drinking for the symptoms it is actually alleviating.
Some women have noticed that the effect of a progesterone supplement is
stronger when they take it with coffee. This is similar to the synergy between
thyroid and progesterone, which is probably involved, since caffeine tends to
<em>locally</em> activate thyroid secretion by a variety of mechanisms,
increasing cyclic AMP and decreasing serotonin in thyroid cells, for example,
and also by lowering the systemic stress mediators.
</p>
<p>
Medical editors like to publish articles that reinforce important prejudices,
even if, scientifically, they are trash. The momentum of a bad idea can
probably be measured by the tons of glossy paper that have gone into its
development. Just for the sake of the environment, it would be nice if editors
would try to think in terms of evidence and biological mechanisms, rather than
stereotypes.
</p>
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